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NOTSS     TO     ACCOMI'.AiJY     THE  ,  LSCTUKfifl 
ON     ECONOMIC      OEOiidaY     DELINKED     AT      CORNELL 

BY     Jo 


-r^ 


K*RTH 

SCIENCE^ 

LIBRARY 


INTRODUCTORY. 


In  the  advance  of  geological  scisnce  the  standpoints  from  .vhich 
the  strata  forming  the  earth's  crust  are  regarded,  -necessarily 
change  ,  and  new  points  of  view  are  established  .  In  the  last  fe^v 
years  two.:have  become  especialy  prominent  ,  and  we  may  now  say 
that  there  are'  two  quite  sharply  contrasted  positions  from  which 
to  obtain  a  conception  ..of  the  structure  and  development  of  the 
globe   The  first  is  the  physical  ,  the  second  the  biological  „ 
We  may  for  example  consider  the  surface  of  the  earth  as.  'formed  by 
rocks  differing  in  one  part  and  another  ,  and  these  different. 
rocks  ,  or  groups  of  rocks  are  known  by  different  names  ,  The 
names  have  no  especial  reference  to  the  animal  remains  found  in 
them,  but  merely  indicate  that  series  of  related  strata  form  the 
surface  in  particular  regions.  On  the  other  hand,  the  rocks  are  al- 
so regarded  as  having  been  formed  in  historical  sequence,  and  as 
containing  the  remains  of  organisms  characteristic  of  the  period 
of  their  format  ion0  They  illustrate  the  development  of  animal  and 
vegetable  life  and  in  this  way  afford  material  for  historical  , 
biological  study  .  In'  the  original  classification  the  biological 
and  historical  considerations  are  all  important  .  But  when  once 
the  rocks  are  placed  in  their  true  position  in  the  scale  ,  and  are 
named  ,  these  considerations  for  many  purposes  no  longer  concern  - 
us  ,  The  formations  are  regarded  simply  as  members  in  the  physical 
constitution  of  the  outer  crust  .  The  International  Geological 
Congress  held  in  Berlin  in  1885  expressed  these  different  points 
of  view  in  two  parallel  and  equivalent  series  of  geological  terms, 
which  are  tabulated  below  .  They  are  now  very  universally  adopted. 
For  clearness  in  illustration  ,  the  equivalent  terms  employed  by 
Dana  are  appended  to  them  .     Equivalent  Terms 
Physical  Terms  ,  Biological  Terms  .  employed  by  Dana.  Illustrations, 
Group,          Era.  Time.          Palaeozoic. 

System,         Period.  Age.          Devonian. 

Series,         Epoch.  Period.       Hamilton, 

Stage  Age,  Epoch.        Marcellus. 

In   onsidsring  the  ore  deposites  of  the  country  we  employ  only 

physical  terms  .  We  of  course  understand  the  chronological 
position  of  the  systems  in  the  historical  sequence  ,  but  it  is  of  • 
small  moment  in  this  connection  what  may  be  the  forms  of  life 
enclosed  in  them  .  The  purely  physical  character  of  the  rocks  , 

bher  crystalline  or  fragment  a.l  ,  whether  limestone  ,  sandstone, 
granites  or  schists  are  the  features  on  which  we  lay  especial 
The  classification  briefly  sumariz-ad  is  as  follows  . 

.AEAN  GROUP.  If  Laurentian  System,  II,Huronian  System.  (Addition* 
al  subdivisions'  have  been  introduced  by  Canadian  and  Minn,  ge- 
ologists, Animikie,  etc.  ) 

PALAEOZOIC  GROUP  :  in.  xeweenian  System.  (This  may  belong  with  the 
in,)  IV,  Cambrian  S 


em^  .-/a)  Acadian  Stage,  (b)  Potsdam 

IO 


.....  2 

Stage.  (  c  )  Lower-'  Cale  if  erous  Stage.  V  Lower  Silurian  System.  A, 
Canadian  S   bos-.  (a)Upper  Calcif  erous  Stage,  (b)  Ou^bjc  Stage. 
(c)  Chazy  Stag^  .  '  (Thi'e  will  probably  experience  revision*)  B_ 
Trenton  Series.  (a)Trenton  Stage.  (b)Utica  Stage.  (c)Cincin- 
nati  or  Hudson  R.  Stage.  VI.  Upper  Silurian  System.  A.  Niagara 
F-eries.  (a)?/r.edina"Stage,  (b)Olinton  Stage,  (c)Hiagara  Stage.  ^ 
B.Salina  Series*.  CrLower  Helderberg.  D,0rdskany  Series.  (The7 
,_%  "  Oriskany  may  be.  made  the  base  of  the  Devonian)  .   VII  ,  Devonian  . 
System.  A.  Cornif  erous  Series,  (a)Cauda-Galli  Stage,  (b)Schohar^ 
ie  Stage,  (e  )Cornif  erous  Stage,   B,  Kami  It  on  Series,  (a)Mareel^- 
lus  Stage,  (b)Hamilton  Stage?  (c)Genesee  Stage,   C,Chemung  •£'  ) 
ries.  (a)Portage  Stage,  (b)Chemung  Stage.   D,Catskill  Series. 
VIII,  Carboniferous  System.  A,Subcarbonif  erous  Series.  BCarbon- 
if  erous  Series.  C,  Permian  Series. 

MESOZOIC  GROUP.  IX,Triassi&  System.   X,  Jurassic  System.  IX  &  X  ^re 
not  sharply  divided  in  the  U.  S.  and  we  often  speak  of  Jura-. 
Trias.   XI,  Cretaceous  System.  (Subdivis  ions  differ  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  country).  Atlantic  Border,  (a  }Rariton  Stage, 
(b)N.J.  Greensahd  Stage.   Gulf  States,  (p.)Tuscaloosa  Stage, 
(b)Eutaw  Stage,'  (c)Rotten  Limestone  Stage,'  (d)RipIey  Stage. 
Rocky  M't'ns  (a)Conimanche  Stage,  .(b)Dakota  Stage,  (c)Ber.tcn 
Stage  (d)Niobrara  "Stage,  (e)Pierre  Stage,  (f  }I?os  Kills  Stage, 
(g)Laramie  Stage.   Pacific  Coast  .  (a)Shasta  Stage,  (B)Chico 
•  Stage,  (c)Tejon'. 

CENOZOIC  GROUP.  XII  .Tertiary  System.  A,  Eocene  or  Alabama  Series. 
Gulf  States,  (a)Claiborne  Stage,  (b)  Jackson  Stage,  (c)Vicks- 
burg  Stage,  Western  States.  (a)Puerco  Stage,  (b)Vfahsatch  Stages 
(c)Wind  River  Stage,  (d)Bridger  Stage,  (e)U:;.  h  Stags.  B,Mi-T 
ooene  or  Yorktown  Series,  including  perhaps  the  Sumter  of  the 
Atlantic  Border.   On  the  Pacific  Slops,  (a)White  River  Stag© 
(b)John  Day  Stage,  (c)Loup  Fork  Stage.   C,  Pliocene  Series..  3f 
doubtful  American  determination).    XIII,  Quaternary  System.-  A, 
'  Glacial  Seriea,  B,Champlain  Series,  C,  Terrace  Series,  D,  Recent 
"t  Series.  .*ic*' 

Other  terms  are-aflso  often  used,  especially  when  we  do  not 
to  speak  too  definitely  ,  Format  :".on  is  a  word  loosely  employed 
any^'  of  the  above  divisions.  Terrane  is  used  in  much  the  -jame 
but  is  rather  more  restricted  to  the  lesser  divisions.  A  ?.tratur(i  is 
one  of  the  larger  sheet  like  masses  of  sedimentary  rocks  'of  the  •:  t  ' 
sanie  kind;  a  bed  is  a  thinner  subdivision  of  a  stratum.-  Horizon  i&., 


used  to  indicate  a  particular  position  in  the  geological 

thus  speaking  of  the'  Marcellus  Stage,  we  say  shales  of  this  hor&'.on 

occur  in  central  N.  Y.  . 

The  rock  species  themselves  are  classified  into  threo  £reat  :;. 

^ 

groups,  the  Massive,  the  Sedirnertary,  and  the  Me  t  amor  phi  c  , 

The  Massive  (synonymous  terms  ,  igneous  ,  eruptive,  volcanic  ,plu- 
tonic),  include  all  those  which  have  solidified  from  a  state  of. 
fusion.  They  are  marked  by  three  types  of  structure,  the 


talline  ,  porphyritic  and  giaser  »  depending  on  the  circumstances 
under  which  they  have  cooled  .  Undsr  the  first  typo  of  structure 
come  the  granites  ,  syenites  §  diorites  ,  gabbroa  ,  diabasos  and 
peridotites  ;  un?lor  tho  ?;oeond  ,  quart.  SB -porphyries  ,  rhyolites  , 
porphyries  ,  trachytes  ,  pon>hyri',ea  ,  emiesites  and  basalt  ; 
under  the  third  ,  pitchfttone  ,  obaidian  and  other  glasso*  . 
the  sedimentary  rock*  arc  thoso  uhich  have  boon  deposited  in  *rat9r. 
They  consist  chiefi?  of  the  fragment*  of  preexisting  rocks  or  the 
refrains  of  organisms  «  they  include  grave  1  ,  conglomerate  ,  b~3e- 
cia  ,  sandstone  both  argillaceous  and  calcareous  ,  shales  ,  clay 
lime  a  tone  and  coal,  vrith  th?se  we  usually  place  a  few  that  hav* 
originated  by  the  evaporation  of  solutions  ,  as  rock  salt  ,  gyp- 
autt  etc. .. .  «       The  jnotamorphic  rocks  are  altered  ,  and  usual- 
ly cryotailized  msmbe>*3  of  the  sedimentary  seri  ;*;  .  They  are  all 
more  or  loss  crystalline  ,  moro  or  less  distinctly  bedded  or  lami- 
nated ;  of  ancient  geological  age  or  in  disturbed  districts  .  They 
includa  gneiss  t  crystalline  schists  ,  quertzite  ,  slate  ,  marblo, 
serpontine  .        After  a  brief  topographical  survey  we  shall 
amMoy  the  above  terms  to  summarize  the  geological  structure  of 
th«  U  ,S..  The  several  puroly  artificial  territorial  divis^iona 
are  made  simply  for  convenience  .  Nothing  but  intelligent  travel 
will  perfectly  acquaint  one  ^vith  the  topographical  and  geological 
structure  of  the  country  ,  and  in  this  connection  Mac  .?arlanfc'8 
Gecl.  R.R. Guide  ,  and  a  geological  map  are  indispensable  . 

On  the  east  we  not  a  tho  grsat  chain  of  the  Appalachians  «*ith  a 
more  or  less  strongly  marked  plain  betwoon  it  and  the  ssa.  This 
is  eepecialfer  marked  in  the  south  .  It  is  of  late  geological  age 
and  contains  the  pine  barrens  and  sea  coast  swampc.Tho  Appalach- 
ians themselves  consist  of  many  ridges  running  on  the  north  into 
the  ^ite  fountains 4 the  Green  Mountains  and  the  Adirondacks. 
Further  south  the  Highlands  of  N.Y.  andN.J.,  the  Couth  Mountain. 
of  Penn,  and  the  Alloghenies,  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  other  South- 
ern chains  ,  make  up  the  eastern  great  continental  ridge.  In  west- 
ern New  York  and  Ohio  we  find  a  rolling  ,  hilly  country  ,  in  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee  elevated  table-land  ,  in  Indiana  ,  Illinois  , 
Iowa  and  Missouri  prairie  and  rolling  country  ,  more  broken  in 
southern  Mo.  by  the  Ozarks.   In  Mich.,  Wis,  and  Minn,  the  country 
is  rolling  and  hilly  with  numerous  lakes.   In  Ark.,  La.-,  anJ.  Miss. 
there  are  bottom-lands  along  the  Mississippi  and  Gulf  and  low  hill* 
back  in  tho  interior.   West  of  these  states  comes  the  great  bi^- 
lowy  prairie  region,  and  then  the  chain  of  the  Rooky  M't'ns  con- 
sisting of  high  dome-shaped  peaks,  with  great  elevated  valleys  b£-* 
tween  the  ranges.  Some  distance  east  of  the  main  chain  are  the  Bl'l 
Hills  (consisting  of  later  concentric  formations  around  a  central 
older  nucleus)  and  also  the  extinct  volcanic  district  of  the  Yel- 
lowstone National  Park,  In  western  Col.,  Utah  and  N.M.  between  the 
Rocky  M't'ns  and  the  Wasatch,  is  the  Colorado  plateau,  an  elevated 
table-land*  This  ie  terminated  by  the  north  and  sout.i  Wasatch  range 


and  west  of  this  the  region  called  the  Sreat  Basin, characterized 
by  alkaline  deserts,  and  subordinate  north  and  south  ranges  of 
mountains,.  Next  comes  the  chain  of  the  Sierra  Nevada^  and  3yinc; 
bet /ro en  it  and  the  Coast  Range  is  tho  great  north  and  south  vaiioy 
of  California,,  This  rices  in  the  comparatively  low  Coaso  Kan 30 
wr:ch  slopes  dovm  to  tho  ""*acific  Ocean.  To  tho  north,  these  M't'ns 
extend  into  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington,  with  forests  and  fortil 
river  vall-i»s« 

I'c  The  New  England,  New  York5  NGXM  Jersey  and  Eastern  Fan 
fli£.%rict.  In  Now  Enr;0  and  northern  NeY»  tho  Archaean  is  especially 
developed  forming  the  White  M't'ns.  the  Adirondackr- .'  and.  the  High- 
lands of  N,Y.  and  N.J.  Tho;-  all  consist  of  granite  and  other  mas- 
sive rocks,  of  gnoica  and  of  crystalline  schists „  There  are  also 
great  areas  of  metamorphic  rocks  whoee  true  age  may  bo  later,.  Tho 
Green  M't'ns,,  arc  formed  of  these.  In  New  Engc  thor-j  are  small 

scattered  exposures  of  the  un'doubt>..d  Palaeozoic  (Devonian,  Carbon 

ifcrous),  In  eastern  K.Y8  and  to  some  extent  in  II.  J,  and  eastern 
Ponn,  t'-hc  entire  Palaeozoic,  except  the  Carboniferous ,  is  strongly 
developed,  EPp  and  down  tho  coast  ther-.?  are  narrow  north  snd  south 
ustuary  deposits  of  red  Jura-Triac  sandstone  pierced  by  diabase 
eruptions.  Tho  Cretaceous  clays  ar  ;  strong  in  1LJ,   Tertiary  strat 
occur  at  rlarthas  Vineyard.  And  ovrsr  all  as  far  south  aa  Trenton  is 
fcunci  thtf  glacial  drift  „  3etwo.-?n  the  Archaean  ridgric  of  tho  High  • 
lands  and  the  first  foldings  of  the  Palaeozoic  on  the  v/eat;  is 
v found  the  eo  called  Grsat  Valley  which  also  ftuns  to  the  south: 

IIo  'J'h-j  Eastern,  I.iddl.3  and  Southeastern  Coaat  District, 
Th-.J  lev;  plains  of  th'j  coact  ar  j  form;d  by  Quaternary,  Tertiary 
and  Or.tacrous  cand  and  clay,,  Inland  th-:r;  ar'  ';xpcsur;*s  of  Jura- 
Trias,  as  in  th«  north,  Tht  Archa  an  crystalline  rocks  ar^e  also 
c-.^n  at  num-  rous  points  not  far  from  th-  oc;.'3.n,  Plorid  a  is  largel 

mad-  un  of  co^al  limaston^/ 

w 

III,  The  Appalachian  Region, 

Thi^  Mountain  system,  extending  from  Mei;  York  to  Alabama ;  consists 
principally  of  folded  Palaeozoic,  with  Archaean  ridges  on  its  oast 
orn  flank.  There  ic  an  enormous  development  of  folds  vrith  N.E,  and 
S.Wt.  axes  and  north  extensions  (See  §]/  ic)  On  the  west  it  is  suc- 
ceeded by  the  plateau  region  of  Kentucky  and  Tonnes  LOG.,  Along 
central  latitudes  the  Archaean  does  not  again  appear  east  of  the 
Mist.  is:jippi . 

IV,  Tho  Region  of  the  Great  Lakes, 

In  rich..  Vfis.  and  Minn,  the  Archaean  rocks  are  extensively  devel- 
oped, both  Laurent ian  and  Huronian.  Around  Lake  Superior  are  found 
the  massive  and  sedimentary  rocks  of  the  Keweenian  followed  bjr  the 
lower  Palaeozoic .  LakesMich.  and  Huron  are  surrounded  by  Silurian, 
Devonian  and  Carboniferous,  Lake  Erie  by  Devonian;  Lake  Ontario  by 
Silurian6  Running  couuh  through  Ohio  we  find  an  important  fold 
knovn  as  the  Cincinnati  uplift,  with  a  north  and  south  axis,  this 
*./r.o  elevated  at  the  cloce  of  the  Lower  Silurian:>  In  the  lower  pen- 
insular of  Mich,  in  eastern  Ohio  and  western  Penn.  the  Carbonifer#i 
ous  ic  extensively  developed. 


V 

"'.    lite   "£l3si-33ippi      "alloy. 

The  head  vataYs  c^s  in  the  Archaean  .  It  then  passes  over  Cambria 
and  Silurian  in  Minn  '  and  Y/is.  northern  Iowa  and  111   'These  are 
succeeded  by  subordinate  Devonian  and  in  southern  Iowa,  111   and 
Mo,  Carboniferous.  In  southern  Mo.  lower  Silurian  forms  the  west 
bank.  Thence  to  xheGulf  the  rive^  flows  on  estuary  deposits  of 
Quaternary  ago  with  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  further  inland, 

VI.  Tito  Gulf  ^ eg ion, 

The  v.ulf  states  t'.long  tho  watev  are  formed  by  the  Quaternary,  Thi 
is  soon  succeeded  inland  by  ve^y  extensive  Tertiary  which  is  the 
principle  forms  ;, ion  represented,, 

VII,  _'he  Prairie  District, 

Vfest  of  the  Palaeozoic  rocks  of  the  states  bordering  on  the  Miss- 
issippi is  found  a  great  strip  of  Cretaceous  running  from  the  Gul 
to  British  Amr-ric  a,  and  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  foothills  of 
r,he  "Rocky  Mountains.  A  few  Tertiary  lake  deposits  a^c  found  in  it 
Ouite  extensive  Trias^ic  rocks  are  developed  on  the  south,  The  sir 
face  is  a  gradual!/  rising  plateau  to  the  Rocky  M't'ns* 

VITI.  Th  ;  ^  'gion,  f  >'ie  Rocky  M't'ns.,  the  Black  L:ills 
and  the  TTaticnal  ra"'k. 

The  Rockies  i  iso  from  the  Prairies  in  long  north  and  south  ranges 
concis  iiri.3  cf  A^c.pr>.oan  axes  with  Palaeozoic  in  relatively  small 
amount  ar.l  abunc  nt  Mescucic  on  the  cas~  and  west  flanks.  In  th3 
Parks  a'-e  found  i&ii<s  deposi  s  of  Tertiary  ag;j  ,  There  av'e  also 
great  ;:;  lie:,  of  lik-ssive  rocks  which  attendQthe  various  upheavals. 
The  outlying  Blach  Ililla  consist  of  an  elliptical  Archaean  core  * 
with  concentric  Palaeozoic  and  Mesozoic  rocks  laid  up  around  it  . 
Th3  National  Fj.r!t  c-onsi^ts  chiefly  of  massive  'volcanic)  ^ocko  in 

,n  ,  ^  -..,^    ,  ,T  ..     .3  A,  ^T  ^  -!   .^  r,-    /-.,-,  j 

--"     ^  ~  ^   '    -   '   I"          '  '  *  •'     I 

IX.  The  Colorado  Plateau, 

.-'h'j  Rc^ky  Ki't'ns    shadecut  on  the  v:est  into  a  groat  olovatod 
platoau  extending  to  con'c^al  Ut^i  -./here  it  is  cut  off  by  the  nort 
and  south  chc..  n  of  tho  \7ahsa*  ch.  Th-v  TJintah  r.'t'ns   arc  an  east 
and  v;,;at  chain  i'-\  it  .  The  ^ocki;  on  cho  north  chiefly  Tertiary 
with  :'csozo:j  and  Palaeozoic  in  th--*  r.ountaino.  To  v.h .t  south  aro 
found  Cretan  :ous  and  Tv-iassic  strata  with  .  assive  rocks  of  .rraat 
extent . 

X  Tho  Region  of  the  Great  Basin. 

i-0-.ivoon  the  rahsatch  and  tho  Si  ex-ra  Nevada  is  found  the  Great  Bas 
region^  once  a  lake  bottom,  now  -/cry  largely  an  alkaline  plain  of 
Quaternary  ago.  Th-a  surface  is  broken  by  subordinate  north  and 
south  ranges,  largciy  formed  by  great  outflows  of  eruptive  rocks 
with  some  Palaeozoic. 

XI,  The  Region  of  the  Pacific  Slope, 

On  the  V/cst  t^e  Sierras  slope  down  into  the  groat  central  valley 
of  California,  The  flanks  are  largly  metamorphosed  Jurassic  and 
Cretaceous  rocks  with  a  great  development  of  massive  outflows 
The  valley  rises  a^ain  in  ths  Coast  range,  v/hich  slopes  away 


further  west  to  tho  Ocoan,  In  addition  to  •.  h :  .Turassic  and.  Oroide- 

OUL-  tho  Tertiary  and  Ouato~nary  aro  also  dovolop -:d. 

XII.  Tho  Region  of  tho  Northwest. 

V.'ashiiigton  and  Oregon  along  th.:  coaLt  a  •  o  formed  b  '  Grc-^ac  .-out;  j.:i< 
T  :v;  i.irir-v  s  •;-. -TO +. «  « -Mr-t-i  la-  f  r  n p \ i  f  o ^n •>  P  .  But  inland  irrarr>nc -••;  out.-nour- 
ingL  of  ;ruptiv?  rocks  cov3"  th.;  ^roat^r  portion  of  both  states 
and  oxiond  into  Idaho.  On  th:;  north  tho  Carboniferous  is'  .xtjnsiv 
running   aLtward  into  Mont  ana.  0:.\at  jrnar;-  and  T.rtiary  lako 
djpo:uit£>  cir-j  also  not  lacking. 

On  th  ;•  Forms  assunud  V-' 'Pock  I.'asaos. 

All  sodirnontary  rockij  v/or,;  form;d  originally  in  approximately  hor 
zontal  bods.  We  find  th.;m  noyv  ,  nor;  ;v  ..• ",  in  almost  all  cc.s  •&,  cir:-.j 
gjd  from  a  horizontal  position,  by  rnov;m  ;nts  cauL;-":d  priinarily  by 
t,h:j  contraction  of  tho  ;;c.r  h's  crust.  Th-.;y  tii:n  as^UiTij  fol:ls  Jmc.'i 

s  :-:.onoclin';G,  an.iclin  G  .^.ncl  s:/iicli:v;ij;  ..t'fordi^:  th  j  pruno:. .,r.a 
rf  'Tip  and  strike .  ^  ri  )\7s  aria  ^  c  :: ;  on^  }  ,  .".acsivo  rocks  c.r  ...•  in  th: 
fc'Tri  of  oh;  ts,  knobu  or  boc^:  s,  Ir.ccolit  .u  and  dikjs .  (vi-r,v's  :.ncl 
u  colons . ) 

0:i  ^h1  ^:;LultLi  of  rock  :..ov  ira  n';^,  ..  nd  :,h   formation  of 
fJcvi^i.ss.  In  c^olin;:  o-"  dryin;;  r  nd  harc^ii'1^;,  bo\,'i 

a,;:  iv;;  rnd  ::  ;dim.;ntary  rockt.  b"  v. .k  into  rnor-j  or  less  r-.;gulr.r 

:JL.  :-L;  alone  divicion^  •ils.n-.jc;  ••;•;.  11  .d  join  c  fv;cc.aioning  n  in  -rouj 
cr.'.ickL1.,  •.  nd  in  i:hi;.  .'L*J  formin.j  L,I;I:  11  c :  •-•iv.i-ji; .  '  Tllu:..  i -••\-.i,ion^  } . 
"1i  -.n  in  :h  ;  cour:.o  of  folding  ';h;  rock:,  r.ro  av,rain-;d  beyond  T,h  ir 
limi  -.  of  rDtiEtcimo  th-jy  oft  n  pare  end  flip  pac^   :  ch  ovh-.  r  in 
Ion. ^  cr.-.ckL;  kno  ;•"!  /c  f:-u". ',c  f-'orr;  h  •;  nrn-crnf  O--TI ..bility  of  \ih  . 

r.n  ;rch  Lid--?,  V.TI  ,n  inclined   o  th:?  horizon,  th.j  dip  of  c. 
f«ulr,  ii.-  c:.ll  -d  itt  had.o,  ,  nd  th  j  "ockL-  usually  tlip  down  on  tho 
ulp  (i.  /:••/;>  to  tho  do.-n  th^n.;).  L-J^C  oft  n  thsy  ^ia1)  a^  if  pr  c 
:  c  toe  :.   r  nn  th  :  had-.;  affo-'dinr;  \-hat  iu  call -d  a  r-jv.:rL%-';d  faul1 
(  Tl  luLt^r", ionc  )  .   'h ••;•  ^ubb-;d  cidc-^  :x):ibi  i.  i^lipy  or  cchlick  nLido^ 
Tn  hi^  v;ry  c;  vi  -,  i  ,L  kno:.;n  p.s  fi£jt,uvi-;^  >r;  formed.  Th :  clipping 
p~\£.t  :;r.ch  o"h>i"  of  corrugated  ^u"*fac  ;..  giv  ^g  riu  .^  to  cv;  Hi,  ,  nd 
pinch  ;ti  in  a  f  is  BU^J  ( Illustrations: ).  ..^ 

;h?  cub  to  "ran -2  an  circulation  of  wat.';^  ..lt;o  forma  cs.viti 

.cpocicill'  in  limo^ton^  rockc .  Thtj  samo  ag*;nt  mas.;;  jerv-;  to  onlargj 
joinv.c  and  fiucures.  Ey  the  action  cf  water  carrying  mssnjsir.  in 
colu'.ion  upon  cr.lcci -•-  :ous  ^ockL;  a  portion  of  th^  lim  in  the  cai 
ato  of  lim.'  molacul  ,  i^  r  .jblac  :-d  by  niaf;n:?sir.vby  th ;  procuiiu 
dclomitization.  Thar:;  is  thon  £.n  att-.-ndant  ^hr-inkag'.-  v/hich  also 
fc"mc  cavities.  A  -ock  (and  ;-Lp«jcialI/r  liia--;ston'))  may  bo  entirely 
^'^plac:dVr  min  .-rfvli.  brought  in  solution  by  -,hy  wate1"  circulating 
-.1  rou.'rh  it.  Th:  cxch.ng   IL  ;ff oct  ;d  molccul   by  molecule,  p.nd  it, 
cpok'.:n  of  r.c  a  m  ;tr..  onr.tic  int  -jrciu-ns  •:  or  rypl?.comont  .^cdioc  of 
min  :>-:  Ic  LO  formed  •:»:-.  y  n-f  t  vrv/f.rd^  -md^rgc^  kit  rr.i,ion  ;-.nd  occasion 
CLViti-L  'v  -':,h "i1-  conc^qu-int  shrinkage. 

On  th-,  Cfrcuping  of  J"in5v*:..lL;  Import  an  -  in  -/ni;  rjonn;-ctio2 
"Oh...-  minoT.lL  thr.t  snt  r  ira:r  c^-.  d  pc.it^t  rn..y  b.  divi.Ud  in-;o  f./< 


»        p          »eoo     »r       t  3iri4 

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lo   ,eo3   *Xoe€   « eo'i*!  •WiliA  if 

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.XI      .q  «II  X^V  xao£oo€  no  eai^fioitf  *te 

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6b 
'Wc    Xnditativt  Plants  o'  M0E0    3. 5«      o46  , 

?'0   UotersueliWUgaH  uber-  Ersgange   3. 882,  Theories   cf-  thfc 
tion  cf  Mineral  V'ainj  B»&  M.Jour  March  15 a   22,    29.    1S£-1- 

paps    1*5 7 „    218 o    2o2o 
fads'V/erth  M0S»  "ho  Theories   of  Ore  Deposits*   Proceedings   of  the  • 

Boston  Socd.aty  of  Natural  History  1884     p0   197, 

The  Lateral  Secretion  Theory  of  Ore  Deposit3c  £=>&  M6jo-*ip. 

May  17 »    1884 o   pa    364. 
F/liitnoy ,  J*D<,   Remarks  en  the  changes  which  take  place  in  tho 

Stry.ctur<3  and  Composition  of  Mineral  Veins  near  the  surface 

etCa'A.J.'S.    II.    200    53, 

Sliittlesoy  .0.    On  the   Origin  of  Mineral  Veins'*   A0AoAaS«   25a   213. 
'/illiams,  A:   Popu3.ar  Fallacies  Regarding  Precioiss  Metal  Oi-e  Deposits 

Ec&  Mo  Jour  o    ^rune  28»   1884     p*481,     4th«   Annual  Report   of  the 

Mr oot or  of   the  U9S,   Geological  Survey* 

rriiuun  J,   D:.e  Lagers  tat  ten  dor  Nutz  baren  Mineralien*   1869  . 

Comp   JM?o   A  Brief  He -view  of  the   Literature  on  Ore  Deposits* 

S*   of  V?0    Quarterly  X0    54»    116,    326 o 
lev/berry  J0S0      Tha   Origin  arid   classification  of  Ore  Deposits   S8'bf 

M^  Quarterly  I.    87.    1800       E.&  M.Jour*   July.    19.    and  -July  31. 

1880     A.A.A.S.   Vol.    32.   p*    243*      1383. 

The  Deposition  of  Ores,   S/  of  M.   Quarterly  V.   329,   1S34;  Ett& 
-Ma'Jour.    July.    19.    1839. 

Genesis   c  £  our  Iron  Oros   S9    of  M.   Quarterly  II.   1.   1880. 

Eo&  M^Jour.   April  23*   1.081,    Soc  also  under  Iron* 

Go/;.aks'*3   arid'   D1.gtrlbur.ion  of  GoHd     55.    of  M,,    Q,Urirtorly   III8    6a 

188io      3,2  V;::Jj:ir^    •>,-3o    2<t,,    5:  31.    1883, 

Tao   Cori-lr;r>jera1.e   Ore   Deposits   of  the  U0Sa   &  Mexico,,   Nat*l 

Ac  ad,    Nc7orr»bcra    1880  0 

c    on  Oro  T-ot^sits  Lsndon, 


cfd 


' 

.... 


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.#*£,  S   »<* 

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classes,  ore  minerals  and  gangue  minerals.  The  first  class  includes 
those  that  are  useful  and  valuable,  the  second  those  that  aro 
worthless,  and  that  must  be  separated  from  the  first*  The  chemical 
compounds  forming  the  i'irbt  class  a^e  w^  l^r"-*!-"  F^l-nMr^s  "r*>'q 
oxides,  also  in  far  less  amounts  arsenides,  carbonates,  silicates, 
sulphates,  phosphates,  and  chlorides.  The  gangue  minerals  arc  com- 
paratively few,  including  as  the  commonest  quartz,  calcite,  sider- 
ite,barite  and  fluorit^.  The  ores  of  each  metal  will  be  spoken  of 
under  the  metal  itself.   The  original  sulphides,  oxides  etc.,  when: 
exposed  to  atmospheric  agents  tend  to  form  alteration  product s> 
chiefly  due  to  oxidation  or  hydration;  Sulphides  et&.  change  bo 
sulphates,  carbonates,  oxides,  hydrousoxides  etc.,  and  those  lattor 
are  Called  oxidized  ores.  In  almost  every  ore  deposit,  the  portion 
lying  above  the  line  of  permanent  water  level  consists  of  those 
alteration  products  or  oxidized  ores,  and  the? so  in  depth v  as  the 
line  of  permanent  water  lovol  is  passed,  graduate  into  unchanged 
sulphides;  honoe  the  term,  zone  of  oxidized  ores,  zone  of  sulpheu* 
rets,  The  decomposed  outcrop  of  a  mineral  vein,  usually  has  a  rusty 
color,  from  the  amount  of  iron  stains  in  it,  and  is  e&llod  thn  iror 
hat  or  gossan.  The  change;  in  the  charaetor  of  the  ores  in  depth 
is  an  important  thing  in  mining  r*s  it  may  occasion  great  al  t-)  r^t  io* 
v  .  in  value,  and  in  methods  of  treatment,  Many  veins  possess :. 
marked  Vandod  structure,  due  to  the  successive  deposit   of  differ- 
ont  minerals  which  may  correspond  Inyor  for  layor  on  sach  wall- 
"rnr;n  the  two  sides  come  together  the  opposite  rows  of  crystals  may 
projeotjinto  rach  othc-^,  causing  what  is  c;..ll-jd  EL  comb  structure. 
•Tot  infrequently  as  a  vein  cu:s  two  different  kinds  of  rock  the 
the  mineral  character  changes  with  tha  walls,  affording  two  differ- 
ent kinds  of  ores,  or  it  may  be,  valuable  and  v/orthless  material-, 
Between  the  filling  of  the  vein  and  the  wall",  of  the  fissure,  ;here 
is  often  a  layer  of  clay,  which  is  called  a  selvage  or  gauge;  ths- 
same  is  also  found  along  lines  of  parting,  perhaps  of  attrition  in 

^A*  f»&  ff 

the  vein  itself.  Masses  of  the  barrenvToek  are  often  found  enclosed 

A 

in  a  vein,  and  these  are  called  horses.  In  fissure  veins  they  have 
been  caused  by  a  movement  of  the  walls  after  the  vein  was  partly 
filled.  A  portion  of  the  wall  has  then  been  broken  off  and  tecome 
buried  in  the  vein  matter  itself. 

On  Theories  of  Origin.  (See  v  ..Gotta). 

I.  Contemporaneous  Formation  (i.e.  with  tho  walls).  Stahl(1700). 
Zimmermann  (1746),  Charpentier  (1773).  v.Tcrebra  (1785), 
II o  Lateral  Sections.  Delius  (1770).   Gerhard  (1781), 
Las ins  (1789).  Sandberger 

III.  Descension.  Baumer  (1779(.   Werner  (1791{. 

IV.  Ascension  by  (a)  infiltration.  Lasitts  (1789(.  (b )  sublimation 
with  steam.  Lehmann  (1753).  (c)  sublimation  as  gas.  Becher  (1703), 
(d)  igneous  injection.  Kutton  (1790). 

V.  Replacement  Posepny  (1873).  Pump  o  3,1  y  (1873).  Curtis  (1384). 
Emrnons  ( l.^ns ) .   Irving  ( 1336 ) . 


e 


8 

on  of  an  electrolytic  character  was  early  s'nr-pe^tecl 
'  :  riy  or  tanf  precipitating  agent  (Pox  and  others  oir'oa  1BSO 

«  i  ..'••]:•  ut  the  best  experiments  have  as  yet  been  inconclusive.. 

On  the?  Heoeseary  Limitations  in  all  Sshemes  of  Classification. 

-3tt-?mpts  at  classification  are  based  upon  two  fundamental 

'j^v  shape  and  erigin.  It  is  readily  seen  that  all  the  earl- 
ier classifications  attach  too  much  importance  to  mere  shape, 
Mineral  deposits  vary  much  in  form,  and  that  should  not  be  unduly 
emphasized.  The  other  principle,  that  of  origin,  is  none  too  vroll 
uridci'  stood,  and  while  at  the  present  time  v/e  know  vastly  more  of 
the-  M  story  of  many  ore  bodies  than  has  over  been  the  case  before, 
it  its  unwiso  to  apply  too  hastily  the  results  reached  in  one  region 
to  phenomena  not  yet  thoroughly  studied  in  another.  It  would  per- 
haps or  ing  out  the  relations  of  ore  bodies  bost  if  we  wore  to  group 
together  these  of  liko  structure,  and  mineral  contents,  as  has  boon 
done  by  von  Graddesk.  but  so  much  in  the  way  of  convenience  is 
sacrificed  by  separating  deposits  v/orked  for  individual  metals  t. 
that  the  metals  themselves  will  bo  ma  do  tho  primary  basis  of  the 

'•  ' 


_  .. 

classification  '  But  emphasis  is  here  laid  on  the  fa^t  that  on 


account 

a.,  i  ,; 


•d 


e 


of  the  groat  diversity  the  principles  must  bo  elastically 
Th-')  principal  schemes  hitherto  formulated  arc  appended, 

has  boon  previously  dono  - 


gve 
1854 
th. 


u  ..-•-. 

I sSuperf ie iai , 

~  T       Q  -i   ••••»  -^  -'•  -i   -I'M      ,  rl 
...  .L  ,>  D  \,  ;  c:  •/  J..  _    .1  .. .'  CL  j 

(a;   Ent::.ro  bods 

O  i        ID  C  1  r- '-  L  c '.    . 

/  l-\  "^  T  i  -"          >  *          ^ 

(e)  Deposited 
from  solution 
but  later 
me  t  amc  r  phc  a  a;  d  0 

IT  T       r  r  *  »  i 

II ,  I'listrr  cii  xoc 

(a)  JlruTDtivo 


n 


5  v 
(b)  Disseminated 

in  oruj  i  , 


a  vi  .^v;  01  Y/na 

v,.Cctta  1359 

Er z lager st at t 

I, Regular 

Deposits , 

Au  Beds- 

33v^ins c 

(a)  Tru 

veins . 

(b)Bcdded  veins 

(c)  Contact 

veins , 

( d) Lenticular 

veins . 

II  -  Irregular 

Deposits , 

Ao Segregations 

Rocumbent  and 

Vertical  also 
Pocks (a)  Floors, 
ks,   (b)  Contact 


1869,, 
I  nEss  :;nt  ial 
Component 
Minerals  and 
Inclusions  in 
country  rock,, 


Lot  trier  Translated 
by  R  a  ymo  r.  d ,  T.-i  i  n  w  r  •  a  1 
Resouro«s  1870p447 
I  a  Superficial, 

(a)  D--;bris. 

(b)  Surfac:?  form- 


fissure  (a) Original  with  at  ions  in  plaoo 


the  enclosing 

rock., 

(b)  ^Fragments 
brought  from  a 
distance  . 


(e; 


2oOre  bearing 
boulders, 
breccias  „ 
IIwDeposits 
individual  and 
distinct  from 
the  sountry 
rocks  . 
(a)  Tabular 
Masses  „ 


(c)  Cavity 

Pillings „ 

B. Impregnations  !6BedSo 

(Disssminations )  o   2c,^rsinsa 


II .Enclosed 

Deposits „ 

A, Sheet  or  Tabular 

deposits .. 

(a)  lutdes, 

(b)Bcds  and  seams. 

BJvIass  Deposit  s  c 

(a)  I-.'&sses. 

( b ) Impregnations « 

C. Other  irregular 

Deposits , 

(a)  Pockets  dis- 
tributed in  other 
deposits  o 

(b)  Isolated 
aggregations , 
Gash  ^reins  eta  -.  , 


j.D.Vfhitney.  continued, 
.veins, 

(-_}  ,,-:Gash  veins. 
(hTissure  veins 
or  ruo  veins. 


llewberry.1880 
I.PrimaryDeposits.    &  1884, 

?d\7dv -,.   A.  Superficial. 

ranocus  B. Stratified 
v/ith  v/alls.      (a)Entire 
(a)  Surface.     Strata. i 
4b )  Interstratif  ied.  (b)Dissenii- 
3.  Massive,      inated  through 
Lat^r  than  walls.  Strata. 
C. Cavity  fillings  (c ) Segregated 


.  continued, 
3.  Sheet  shaped 
Segregations. 
Irregular 


1.  Intorbedded. 
S.Uot  interbedded. 
3.  Reticulated  Veins 


(a)  Fissures, 

(b)  caves. 
D.IIetarnorphic 
Deposits . 

II, Secondary  or 
Detrital 
Deposits , 


from  Strata. 
O.Tfnst  ratified 
(a)  Eruptive 
Masses. 
(b)Dissemina- 
ted  through 
Eruptive  Rocks 
(c)  Contact 
deposits . 
(d)Stockwerks. 
( e )  ?ahlbands . 
(f) Impregnations 
(g)Chambers. 
(h)  Mineral 
Veins. 

l.Gash  Veins. 
2.  Segregated 
Veins. 
3, Fissure 


Pumpelly.jL386. 
I. Forms  due  to 
the  texture  of 
the  enclosing 
rock, or  to  its 
Mineral  consti- 
tution or  to 
both  causes. 
A. Disseminated 
Concentration. 
( a ) Imp re gnat  i  ons 
(b )7ahlbands. 
B. Aggregated 
Concentrations. 
( a ^Lenticular 
Aggregations 
and  beds. 

(b)  Irregular 
Masses . 

(c)  Reticulated 
veins . 

(d)Contact 


Phillips. 1384. 
I. Superficial, 
(a)Deposits  formei 
Vy  the  mechanical 

action  of  water* 
(b)do.do.by  'i;1' vert- 
ical action, 
II. Stratified, 
(a)D-fposits  con-  jj 
stituting  the 

bulk  of  metal- 
liferous beds 
p  'p ' ted  from 
aquoous  Solution, 
(b)Eeds  original-- 
ly  deposited  from 
solution, but  late 
metamorphosed. 
(c)Oros  dissemi- 
nated through  sod 
beds  in  which  the1 
have  been  chem. 


4.Beddod  veins.  F. Surf ace 


Deposits.       depositod, 
II. Forms  chiefly  IH.U^stratifiod 
due  to  preexist  &$)  True  Veins. * 
ing  open  Cavi-   (b)Sogrogated 
ties  or  fissures,   veins, 
C.Gave  Deposits  (c). Gash  Veins. 

( d ) Impr egnat i  ons , 
(e)  Stockwerks. 
(f )Pahlbands. 
(g)Contact  depos- 
its.- 

(h)  Chambers  or  • 
pockets*  ' 


D.Gash  Veins, 
fc. Pis sure  Veins 


The  terms 


and 


is 


lode ' ' and 
a  synonym 


'ledge 
of  bed. 


Deposits  etc. . 

(a)  Residuary 

deposits . 

(b)Stream  Deposits, 

(c)Lake  or  Bog 

Deposits, 

'are  used  as  synon>\'*«*of  vein, 


Discussion  of  th  •:  Schemes^  and  Remarks  on  their  comparative  Merits 
^roir.  a  comparison  /of  the  above  it  will  be  s.ien  that  J.D,  Whitney's 
classification  contains  *,he  essentials  of  the  others  nub  li  shed  in 
English,  and  this  with  th'j  modifications  introduced  by  Newborr/- 
--'I"1  supply  the  phraseology  i'o-  thas-s  nr*«s.  Tn  addition  TYIUC>«  e:>- 
phasis  will  bo  placod  on  the  character  of  the  rocks  containing  th 
deposit  wheth<sv>  unaltered  sedimentary,  massive,  or  m<3tamor"$rtiic  and 
whether  or  not  there  arc  eruptive  rocks  in  the  vicinity,  as  these 
considerations   nt"r  most  largely  into  any  explanations  of  0  'tgin 
The  ore  'deposits  will  however  bo  illustrated  bv  types  and  thas  * 
greater  clcUvf  ir.i  ,  .Jii  .^s  in:-  rcduood  following  --h  .:.  .xanpl^  of  ony  cfvi 
the  best  of  r.iod^-n  vri  i-r-s  v.Q.'oddeck. 

Under  each  motal  vill  b3  givorn  first  a  group  of  references  to 
general  treatises  and  papers.  Thsso  v/ill  be;  marked  Hist,  whan  JSP 
ocialy  valuable  as  history,  and  Rec.  when  rccomended  for  conaulta- 
tior.o  If  not  marked  by  oithu"  th-jy  aro  valuable  for  special  invs 
stigr:,t  ions  , 

The  Iron  Series. 
Li;.:oni  :  f  ;  T  i  d  r  j  •:  ^  ^  JI';/na  v  i  v  e  ,  Magne  tit  j+ 

("!r..  Any  good  Mineralogy  ;,  The  Iron  Minerals  «^ 

Pe.   HaO^Oj  .£ 

Limonito~(  Brown  Hematite,  Bog  Iron  Ores  .  J'EIV^  03  ;H2Oj59.P^  14.4** 
Sidcrite-(Spathic  Iron,  niaylronCtoneBlack  band  )  7?^  0(^  43,3    37.9 
Hematito-ned  and  Specular).  F(5z°3  70« 

Magnetite.  FeO  ^€^05  72.4 

Native  Iron-Met  sorites. 

Pyrites  P<5SA  46.7      53, 

General  remarks  on  the  ores.  Universal  presence  of  iron.  Circulatii 

in  solution  as  protoxide,  precipitation^hvdrated-  S'lsqui-oxids1- 

f  .•  .   General  Literature. 

Ei^kCr.Mn--  JB  Prominent  Sources  of  Iron  Or  3  Supply,  M.E.  i7.  715 
Statistical'."  Kec. 

Dhoct  J>;A.H.On  the  Percentage  of  Iron  inCertain  Ores  .M.E.  T7,  519  Rs 
Hojf  ;r  Hans.  Die  Kohlen  und  J^ison-jrzlagsrs  ta-.ten  Nord-Amerika§  . 

Vienna.  1878.  Rec. 

Julieri  A,  A,  Genesis  of  the  C:ystalline  Iron  Ores.Proc.  Phila.Acad 
Soi.  I88^o  p.  335.  Rec. 

Lesley  J,P.$he  Iron  Manufacturer's  Guide  1865.  Kist.  Rec. 
Uewb'srry  J.  S.  International  Review.  Nov.  Do£,l'874.,  •  •  1  % 
Genesis'  of  the  Ores  of  Iron.  S.of  M.  quarterly  .Nov.  1880.  Rec0 
Genesis  of  the  Crystalline  Iron  Ores  .  Trans  .N.Y.  Acad.Sci.Vol.il.  Oc 


Ue^^on.II.Tho  Ores  of  Iron.  Their  Geographical  Diut^ibution 

M.E,  Vol  TIT.  p  360. 

PumpellyeR.  and  othorsaTonth  Census  U.S.  Vol  XV.  1386.  Rec.espsc- 

ial^y  pp«  3-17. 

Rammolsberg.  On  the  constitution  of  the  Titaniferous  Iron  Ores. 

Po£g,Ann.  CIV  497.A.J.S.  11.27.137  ;':  423. 


fmock.  J.C.On  the  Geolo5^ical  Dis  oviubur.ion  of  she  Ores  of  Iron..  M,E 
XII.  130. 

]>on  Mines  and  Iron  Ore.  Dist .  in  .N.Y. 
Bui  1 .  7 .  H .  Y .  S  t  a t  e  J'.Xis  eum .  June  1 839 .  R e  c  . 


On  the  Occurrence  of  the  Ores  of  Iron  in  the  Azoic 
System. A. J.S.  II  Vol.  22. p. 38. 

A',  and  since  1385.  Day.D.F.  Mineral  Resources  of  the  U.S 
Annual  of  the  U.S.  Gcscl.  Survey.  Rec . 

Limonito . 

"ype  1.  Bog  O'-e,  Beds  of  Limonite  under  swamps  and  marshes ,  I1'." 
circulating  in  running  wator  as  FeOCQj,  is  brought  to  rest  in  tho 
standing  water  of  bogs.  It  is  here  oxidized  to  the  Insoluble  hyd,' 
ted  scsquioxide  (Pe^O^  .xlf^O)  '  sinks  to  the  bottom  and  accumulatoa 
r?.b  cellular  masr.  os  of  limonite,  Such  dsfjpsits  ara  of  very  wide 
distribution,  but  not  often  of  valu  •  on  account  of  their  impuri- 
ti2G.  In  the  vicinity  of  Pu£ct  Sound  tlvjy  aro  however  numerous  an 
have  bo<.m  utilized. 

T'.-po  l.a.  Staten  Island,  Dopoeitu  of  Limonito  in  tho  suporfi 
cial  hollows  of  serpentine  rocks  on  Staten  Island,  They  aro  thou£s 
by  Ev"-,  TT,  L.Eritton  to  have  beon  leached  out,  of  the  aevpontino,  and 
dcpcoi  r.-.:-d  in  situ.  They  carry  considerable  Cr^0,.c  Trioy  have  boon 
quito  oxtonsivrly  vrorked  in  former  years. 
Lricton  IT.  L,  S  of  M.  Quarterly  May  1°81. 

Type  l»b,  Prosscr  Mines  noar  Portland  Oregon.  Deposits  of 
Limonito  in  the  superficial  hollows  of  basalt.,  of  T  rtia^y  ar'!., ,  in 
•ihc  Casscadv;  Rango.  Th^  o^e  contains  rco-ca  and  trunk  a  of  trooa,  an 
is  cover. ;d  by  another  flow  of  basalt.  The  Patton  Minos  aro  noar  b 
and  arj  formed  of  the  usual  surface  bog  ore. 
^utnani.B.T,  Tanth  Census  X^r  49 r>  &  1G . 

Limonitos  apparently  surface  deposits  a^'  also  worked  quite  extern 
sively  in  nhorol:  e  Go.  Northeastern  Tcsx.  They  aro  knovm  alao  in  L 
Uinoral  Rocourcvjc,  lf\0-7.p  .  51. 

Typ.-j.-'i.  Eodios  of  limonite  in  caviT/i«s  of  ferruginous  rock.".1  on 
th-.i  outcrop  or  below  the  surface;  which  have  resulted  from  the 
alteration  of  tho  rock  in  situ.  Residual  clay, quartz  and  other 
roniain :  of  altsvalion  usually  occur  with  thj  or..  Ferruginous  lim 
.  ulor.si:   are  tho  con-ffnonect  sources  of  such  deposits  but  othar 
rockt.  may  afford  them.  Th«  deposits  are  not  limited  to  any  one  g) 
logica.1  jjer»i«s  but  in  difforont  parts  of  the  country  occur  v/henov 
'.hG  condition;,  iiavo  bson  favo:'-able.  Considorabl/..  limonite  hats  als 
rc-sul-.od  froc!  the  T.T,;athorin3  of  clay-ironstone  nodules,  and  black- 
band  bo  da  in.tlv;  Carboniferous  to  be  mentioned  lator,and  not  infr 
cuontly  from  thy  alteration  of  nodulas-  macsoa  of  pyrito. 

Tli-j  socond  and  third  magnoaian  limestones  of  tho  LovAor  Siluria1 
System  in  Southern  Ho.  haves  numerous  cavities  filled  .rith  stalac- 
tites linonite,  and  at  Hot  Springy,  Saguachs  Co.  Col., groat  dopoy 
i^.c  recur  in  caviti  z  in  liraastonos  cuppot:-)d  by  Rolkcr1  to  bi*  Silu 


a 

riaru  Th^  Orisfcany  in  Penn.  affords  some  silicious  limonite  but  ir 
Va^xeEtrata  enclose  great  quant  it  ies-£t  Low  Moor  and  Longdale  the 
ore  reaches  a  thickness  of  40'.  In  Perry  Co.  Penru  the  ehales  of 
the  1  arid  It  on  Series  carry  quite  extensive  limonite  beds.  The  Sub- 
n*rbcnife~ous  li?'«estones  of  veb-'.ern  Ky»  tnd  T*mn.  contain  great 
quantities  of  limonite  as  potSjStrings  and  pipe  ore  in  residual  ol: 
vfhich  has  resulted  from  the  weathering  of  limestone.  In  Mo.  on  the 
Upper  Osage  Piv.  is  also  an  extensive,  bod  in  rocks  of  this  sanr.* 
series.  In  Colorado  some  of  the  Leadville  limonites  in  the  Subcar- 
boniferous  a>"e  used  as  iron  ore,  although  of  different  origin,  anc 
similar  limonites  occur  in  the  East  Tintec.  Mining  Dist.  Utah  in 
supposed  Carboniferous.  The  buhrstone  ore  of  Laurence  Co.  Pe'nn, 
fills  cavities  in  Carboniferous  limestone. 
Boyd.C.R.  The  Ores  of  Cripple  Creek  Va,  M.B.  12.  27.  1384. 

Resources  of  S.V/.Va.   K.Y.  1^1 

Pcwees.J.H.  2nd  Geol.  Su^v.  Penn.  Report.  P.  1378. 
Lyman  B.  Geol.  of  the  Lo.;  Moor  Va.  I^on  Ores.  M.E.  14.807 
KcCreeth  A.S.  The  Iron  Ores  of  the  vailey  of  Va.  M.E.13,37.1884 
Koor  P.N.  Mo.  Geol.  Surv.  1874 

P.olker  C.".  Notos  on  Certain  Iron  Oro  Deposits  in  Ool.  I'.E.  14.  J6C 
Endlich  P.!'.  Hardens  Rept .  1873. p.  :3o.In  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  Mtns 
Putnam  B.'i.  lOr.h  Census  Vol.l5.p.4S2  On  Col.  limonites. 

Type  2a.  Si luro -Cambrian  Limoniv.es.  Beds  of  limonito  in  so 
called  hydromica  (talcose)  slates  and  schists  belonging  to  the  3an 
brian  and  Lower  Silurian  Systems-  The  iviasaos  of  limonito  are  buriac 
in  oclveous  clay  and  the  vrtiole  pres-j^ves  t*io  5on-:ral  structure  of 
the  schist.oco  ^ocks  which  thoy  have  replaced.  The  original  soring- 
ors  of  quartz  remain  follov^ing  the  original  folds.  Occasionally 
dolomitic  limestone  forms  one  of  the  vmlls,  and  still  less  often 
masa^B  of  side^ite  a^e  found  enclosed.  The  deposits  oxtond  from  V1 
southward  along  the  lino  of  NfY,  and  New  England,  and  arc  exten- 
sively developed  in  Lehigh  Co,  Ponn.  They  are  not  as  abundant  in 
Va.  but  in  oast  ;~n  Tenn.in  the  Knox  Stage  of  the  local  geologists 
they  aro  extensive ;  but  hero  limestones  replace  tho  hydromiea 
schists  of  the  north  and  the  deposits  aro  more  like  tho  principal 
type.  Tho  or*  uniformily  occurs  west  of  th*  Ar-haoan  ridgos  and  ir 
tho  though  {  th«  so  called  Great  Valloy  s=,  *  p.  4.  )  botwojn  thorr* 
ard  the  mn^  T/^s^erly  comjigations  of  the  Palaeozoic.  The  Cornwall 
ncgnotit  ;(Si:o  below  Type  i3o, )  is  thought  by  L  sl.;y  to  b*  an  altor- 
oft  limonits  bod  of  this  cha^ac  c.i»r,  which  has  bo^n  changed  to  mag- 
notice  by  th;  n  i^hboring  Triatsic  traps. 

As  regards  tho  origin  of  these  deposits  Dr.  Jackson  of  the  first 
P«nn,  Survey,  argu^i  in  1839  their  origin  in  situ.  Percival  in  the 
^ept.  on  G;ol.  of  **5Snty>,132  attributed  them  to  pyrits  in  the  nii- 
flrhbo-ing  mica  slate.  Prim:  in  Penn.  in  1875  and  1878,  derives  the 
iron  by  leaching  from  the  neighboring  dolomites  and  slaves, it  beir 
in  th3ia  *ith  :r  as  silicate  earbonat-J  or  sulphide.  ?raser(1^76) 
traces  th-so  to  original  pyrite  in  the  slato.  J.B.Dana  in  Nov;Englar 


2U 

(1.977)  attribut  :c  th  m  to  th  weathering  of  fo~ttuginous  limestones 
which  th  y  replace.  For  Naw  England  this  is  probably  correct  .  fvluch 
that  is  pur  ly  imaginative  has  been  writ  tun  by  fcihors  rj 
thCoi,  sine-'*  r>w,  TU+ohcook  f^om  som**  associated  fossils  in-  V 
rofcrrod  thon  all  to  the  T  rtiary  times,  and  others  derived  th  )m 
fron  tivj  drc/inagj  of  Archaean  Highlands  in  Silurfca&ambrian  timos. 

Jlxtonaivj  deposits;  of  r^lat-jd  charact  :r  occur  in  the  Huronian 
schists  Beds-'3C.  and  XII  of  Erook  near  Negavneo  Mi  oh.  whcr.j  they 
ar-5  called  soft  h-JHiatites, 

Dana  J.Pf  Occu~rmc>)  &0rigin  N.Y.&N.E.Limonitos  A,  J.S.  1877,pl.'j5  Roc 
Frjs-jr  P.  Perm.  2nd  Gool.  Surv.  R-jp.  C.  (1876). 
Harden  J.W.  Br,  H:;m.  Dop.  of  ?..  M'-c'n  ::-tc  M.E,  1.136. 
Hitchcock  P.,  On  th'j  Brandon  Lignito  ;tc.  also  G;;ol.  of  Vt  ,  Vol,It  p. 

A.J.S.  II.  15.  95. 
s  on  th.-s  Salisbury  Iron  Minos  &7.T'ks,  M.E.  '  3.  2.'iO 


."loll  :yA.  L. 
L-.Jsl-:y  J.P 


. 

Not 


On  !"ont  Alr.o  Penn  etc.  P^oc.Am.  Acad.  Sci  .  1864.463-482. 


Lr.'is  ,T 
Lyman  B 


Th 


Htm.  (Br  )  .  Or*s  ,::in?s  ttc.  E.of  r/n^  Hudson  R..M.E.  5.  21 
.  On  th  J  Lovr-r-  Sil.Br.H.im.B-ids  of  Am-.jrica.  A-.  A,  A.  S.  17.  114. 
J,0.  R«,pt.  on  G-Jol.  Conn.  p.  1152 

On  th':  Occur^^nc':  of  the  Br.H.-.»m.Dffp.of  the  Gr  sat  Vall.y* 

Also  Penn.  2nd  Survey.  Repts.  D(1875)   & 


Prinv.-i  F 

M.^0  :5.410  F.ec 
D.D.  (187°.). 

Rogers  H.D.  Trans.  Ass.  Am 


Geol.&  Wat.  1342.  p  B  345  . 
Analyses  of  Limoni-,es« 


'ass. 


Fe 

47.52 
50.48 


-3  . 
34 
?1 


50 


p 

S 

SiO^ 

0.187 

0.353 

0.059 

0,391 

14019 

0,125 

0,02 

5  ,  1-35 

0,530 

0.237 

HftO. 


59 


50.39 
53.37 
44,71 


0.225 

0.034  0020 
0 


7.90   0.70 


14.4 


County, 
Connecticut 
T.r.aton  Island 
Pennsylvania 
rircinia(Low  Koor) 
Tennessee  (Lagrange  Furnace) 
Alabama 
Colorado 

Prossor  I'ine^Oregon* 
Pure  Mineral 

Side^ite  or  Spathic  Ore 

V»T"on  oi'  conc>-otionarv  struc-&uv>e  in  shales, 
much  clayey  matter,  these  oreu  are  called  clayironctone;  when  form- 
ins  bods  of  limited  extent  in  the  coal  moacuroc  and  having  much 
bituminous  ma  -.or  they  £-.^e  called  black-br.nd. 

Typo  3.  Eurden  Mine,  near  Hudson  N.Y..Beds  of  spathic  ore,  en- 
closed conformably  bet  Veen  underlying  slates  and  overly  ins  sand^---  • 
stones  of  the  Hudson  Fiver  Stage.   '»'he  beds  vary  up  to  40'  in  thicfc 
noss  and  consitt  of  gray  or  draft  massive  siderite  with  associated 
elicit  e  and  pyrite.  The  oro  is  known  to  outcrop  over  a  distance  of 
four  miles,  but  is  not  uniformily  good.  Much  of  it  however  is  pure 
•mough  fo»*  Bessomor  Steel.  The  total  output  is  estimated  at  450000 
tone.  Somovh&t  similRr  ores  aro  known  in  the  Marcellus  Shales  in 


and  containing 


14 

Ulstjr  Go.  across  the  Hudson  Rivar,  and  the  presence  of  spathic  ore 
vith  the  limonite  to  the  east  (Of.  Type  2a)  has  already  been  noted. 
nc.y~ond  R.V7eThe  Spathic  I^on  0  es  of  the  Hudson  River.  M. 3* 4. 339. 
Olms tead  T ,,  Distribution  of  Phosphor  v.s  in  the  Hudson  Rivo-  Carbon- 
ates, f/.T..  10S9. 
Smock  J0C,  Bull.  7. N.Y.  State  Museum  pp.  62-65.  Rec, 

Type  4v.Roxbu-y  Conn.  A  fissure  vein  in  gneiss, 3'  to  3'  wide 
of  siderit,*1  with  which  are  associated  quartz  and  a  great  variety  of 
minerals;  galena,  chalcopyrite,  blonde,  etc.  Although,  productive 
in  former  years  it  is  nov  no  longer  workid  and  is  of  scientific  .. 
rather  thsn  economic  interest.  It  is  a  uniquo  deposit. 
Shspard  G.U,  Deport  on  the  Geology  of  Conn.  1837.  p.  30,  Also  A,J,,S,' 
I>  I?-,  311. 

Typq  5.  Clayi^onstone .  Isolated  mas.es  of  concretionary  origin 
which  at  times  cnal'i^co  to  form  beds  of  considerable  extent,   'Then 
in  isolated  masses  they  arc  distributed  tlvouhg  shales;  and  on  the 
we'at'nring  of  the  matrix  are  exposed  and  concent  rated.  'Choy  are  es- 
pecially characteristic  of  the  Carboniferous  strata  and  differ  from 
black  band  only  in  the  absence  of  bituminous  matter,  and  in  the 
consequent  drab  color.  They  weathe^  easily  to  limonite  generally  in 
concentric  shells  v/ith  a  co^e  of  unchanged  carbonate  within.  Possil 
leave*,  cr  shells  often  furnish  the  nucleus  for  the  original  segre- 
gation and  are  fchu:-,  as  at  Mazon  Creek  111.  beautifully  preserved* 
When  in  shoots  the'  ore  is  sometimes  called  flagstone*  oro;  When 
broken  into  rectangular  masses  by  joints  it  is  called  black  ore. 
In  wo s torn  Penn.  and  in  Ohio  the  o^e  is  of  the  g  'eateso  importance. 
In  Vf.^a.  in  the  Sr.bcarbonif  :?rous  is  found  a  bed  said  by  W.B,  Rogors 
Cl.f!,)  to  oxtond  30  miles,  often  from  3-5 '  thick.  If. is  also  known' 
in  Maryland -in  Cretaceous  clays,  and  in  the  Laramie  Stage  of  th3 
wostorn  states,  the  shales  associated  v/ith  tho  coal  often  contain 
it.  A  large  bj?d  has  bo  en  reported  in  tho  Claibo^m?  Strata  of 
Enterprise  ..."  ^-.  The  ores  arc  calcinod  boi'orc  being  smoltod. 

Type  ija,,  Elack  band.  Dcds  consisting  chiefly  of  ca^bonato  of 
iv<cn  v/ith  more  or  loss  earthy  and  bituminous  matter.  They  aro  of 
varying  thickness,  though  rarely  moro  than  6f  and  are  almost  limi- 
ted to  strata  associated  with  coal  ssams.  They  arc  thus  especially 
found  in  strata  of  tho  Carboniferous  Systepi  and  to  a  fav  lo:_s  deg- 
ree in  tho  Eastern  Jura-Trias . (Va.N. C .),  They  are  also  recorded 
with  the  Cretaceous  Coals  of  the  ?/est  (CoL).   Those  deposits  are 
especially  developed  in  Ohio,  W.Va. ,  Ky.,  and  Ala.,  Thoy  and  Type 
5.  aro  tho  chief  sources  for  local  ores  in  Ohio  and  aro  assigned  by 
Orton  to  11  different  horizons. 

Erainard  A,Ft  Spathic  Oro  at  Enterprise  Miss.  M.E.  15.  143. 
McCalloy.H.Ueol.Surv.  of  Ala.  Ropt .  on  the  Warrior  Coal  Piold  1SS6 

p. 14  and  elsewhere. 

Orton  Edw.  Ohio. Geol. Survey  Econ.  Gool.  Vols  V  and  VI. 
Platt.P.  Payette  Co.  Perm.  2nd  Geol, Survey  Rep.L.  1-^75. 

t.vr.G.  A-nstrong  Co.  Pcnn,  2nd  Geol. survey  Rep.H  5.  13^0. 


. 


Rogers  Wo  Bo  The  Geology  of  the  Virginias  1884*  105-IOi  £/*:u^iier 
SaP«  Notes*  on  the  Black-band  Iron  Ores  of  W,  7a»  M<,3el0 
'  Analyses  of  Spathic*  Ores. 


Pe       C0£      ••?•       v-  S     SiC-£     -i..^    -10 

Burden  Mine  NaY0  (OalciYi*a)49'.6    V.^O^W^ft^-IKOa  25,37 
Ohio  Black-band.  27,3       0.'043  0*17  25,52  0,50 

England  (Clay  ironstone).  31,42  2200  0.47  0014  10o36  5*52  4C45 
Scotch  Black-band  32.0  32,0  0,50  8,00  5aOO  0050 
Pure  Mineral  48,3  37*9 

Hematite,  £ed  and  Specular, 

The  sesquioxide  of  Iron  PeaO^  is  always  of  a  red  color  when  in 
powder,  if  of  earthy  texture  this  color  shows  in  the  mass  and  the 
ore  is  called  red  hematite;  if  -.S^ystallized  the  r&d  color  is  not 
apparent  and  tho  brilliant  luster  of  the  mineral  gives  it  the  name 
specular*  The  red  hematites  are  first  treated, 

Type  6»,  Clinton  Ore,  One  or  more  beds  of  red  hematite  inter- 
stratified  with  shales  and  limestones  of  the  Clinton  Stage,  They 
are  of  extraordinary  persistence,  as  they  outcrop  in  \Vis9  Ohio  and 
Ky,0in.-fche  interior;  and  the»  begining  in  N,Y.  south  of  Lake  Onta- 
rio, they  run  easterly  across  the  state.  Again  in  Penn«  they  fol- 
low the  waves  of  the  Appalachian  folds  and  run  south  in  W,Va,  and 
Va,  in  groat  strength.  Again  they  are  found  in  Tenn,  and  Nortnwest 
em  Ga»  and  finally  in  Ala,  are  of  unusual  thickness  and  economic 
importance.  The  structure  of  the  ore  varies  somewhat,  being  in 
places  the  replacement  of  fossils,  such  as  crinoid  stems,  mollusca 
shells  otc,(  fossil  ore).   Again  as  small  nodular  cone  rot  ions  like 
flaxes&d  (flaxseed  ore,  lenticular  ore),  and  elsewhere  it  is  known 
tis  dyes  tone  ore,  ..ffhe  ore  is  really  a  highly  ferruginous  limestone 
and  below  the  water  level  in  th^/weathered  portions  passes  often 
into  limestone,  but  along  the  outcrop  it  is  quite  rich,  In  Dodge 
Co,  WiSo  the  ore  is  14'-26?  thick;  but  in  N.Y.  there  are  two  beds 
1U01  and  24"  rarely.  reaching  30*  .   In  Penn*  $'  is  the  maximum  but 
in  Ala  »  there  are  three  beds  which  may  aggregate  as  high  as  37* 
(Pumpelly).  Olive  colored  shales  every  where  accompany  them.   In  . 
N3Y9  the  on*  runs  about  44  Pe  in  the  furnace  (A.H.Chester), 
These  hematites  -as  atated  above  have  undoubtedly  originated  in  man 
cases  by  the  weathering  ntffcs^erruginous  limestone  above  tho  water 
level.  Russel  shows  that  the  unaltered  limestone  in  the  bottom  of 
a  mine  .at  Atalla  Ala,  250'  down  contained  but  7,75  Fe  while  the 
outcrop  afforded  57,52,  and  J,B.  Porter  has  shown  tho  gra$&fcM  incr- 
ease of  CaO  in  a  mine  in  the  same  district  from  a  trace  at  the  out 
crop  tc  30o5i)  at  130  ft  below.  Other  writers  have  explained  these 
beds  as  due  to  the  bringing  o£*  iron  in  solution  into  the  sea  of 
the  Clinton  Age  and  depositing  it  as  small  nodules  etc,  ojr  as  a 
ferruginous  mud  (Rogers,  Lesley*,  Newberry,)  .  In  this  way  an  politic 
mass  originated  as  in  the  modern  Swedish  lake  c(  Newberry  ). 
Chamberlain  T0C,  Geol.  Surv,  Wis,  Vol.  I,  p.  179. 
Chester  AtH0  the  Iron  Region  of  Central  N,Y.  Utica  1881. 


16 

Hunt  ToS.Coal  and  Iron  in  Ala.  M.E.  11,  236, 
Irvin~  ftcD.  Mineral  R;sourc*s  of  Wis*  M.E, 8.  436 

Geol.  Wis.  Vol.  I, 'p  625. 

Ncwbwry  J.S.  G;ol.  Surr.  Ohio  Vol.  III.  p.  7, 

Po~t"~  -T.*.  T~on  0  — s  «:  Coals  of  Al?..GHt.'1fc  T-nn.  >'.S.  1?.  170 
Rothwcll  R,P.  Ala.  Coal  &  I~on  M.E.  S.  144.  , 

Russoll  I.K.  Suba-trial  D*cay  of  Rocks,  Bull. 52.  f.S,  0.$.  p-2^-  81 

Typ.j  6a.  Grsonbrivr  Co.  W.Va.  A  b-sd  of  r*d  h«matit<»  in  Oriskany 
sandstones.  It  probably  corresponds  to  th>;  Oriskany  limonit'js  olse- 
wh.-jrr  abundant  but  h">~->  d-shyd^at  *d".  -* 
?age  VMI.  r'"he  Glenmore  Iron  Estate.  Gresnbrior  Co.  W.Va.  M.E. 17. 115 

Type  7.  Crawford  Co.  Mo.  Masses  of  associated  specular, and 
ha'-d  and  sof  hematites  of  lenticular  or  funnel  shape,  in  the  S*c-  « 
ond  Sandstone  of  the  Missouri  Lower  Silurian.  The  hard  and  5,0 ft 
hematites  have  ^osulted  from  tho  alteration  of  the  specula1^.  Tho 
dope  sit  invariably  occuv'5i  in  clay  and  chev't  which  fill  irvegula* 
cavities  and  hollows  formed,  b  •  "he  b'-okon  and  faulted  Second  Sand- 
B'Lor.e.  They  a"e  distributed  in  several  counties  in  Contra!  Mo,  of 
vrhich  Crawford,  Dont  and  Phelps  aro  the  most  productive.  They  are 
thought  by  Dr.  A.  Schmidt  (J!o.  Survey  l']73)  to  have  eiT,ho:*  repla- 
ced preexisting  rock  or  to  have  boon  o^i^inally  deposited  in  hoi- 
lowt. ,  in  tho  then  existing  surface.  Puinpolly  hovrover  ^ogards  them 
(vol.  15,  10th.  Census  p. 12),  as  having  b  )-::n  derived  4^rom  the  docay 
of  tho  original  dolomitOL  and  deposited  in  subterranean  drainage 
chamois.  There  is  also  a  bod  of  rod  hematite  associc:.--od  vri-oh  ths 
S'.ibcarboniferouc  sandstones  of  western  centralMo. 
Chauvonet  v;t?.:9  lOth  Centus  .  ^01.15.  /-03 
Tchnidt  A.  Ho.  Gool.  Surv^.in.7.;  Ir*on  Ores  and  Coalfields  .p. 124 

"ype*  p-.  Jefferson  C©.  .N.Y.  Bode  of  «ed  hematite  './ith  more  o- 
lose  specular  uncle^lyin^  Sandstones  of  the  Potsdam  Sta^e  and  asso- 
ciated with  serpentine  crystalline  lirioaoone  and  other  tandstone 
bods,  of  uncertain  relation:;.  Hot  far  avay  the  Lau^entian  '.^^iss 
outcrops  although  nowhere  associated  with  the  o-*o.  The  bedV  occur 
alons  a  northeast  belt  from  Philadelphia,  Jeff  Co.  to  Gouve*rt*ur, 
5t,  Lawyr,  Co.  They  ran-^e  up  -to  30*  in  thickness  and  are  mostly  of 
•od  earthy  hematite  v/ith  included  mass^j*  of  specular,  :'any  inter- 
inn  minerals',  (  s.ideritevmillo-ite,  quartz  etc)  are  found  in 

ies.  Emmons  in  the  early  N.Y.  survey  (aeol.2nd  Dist)  attribu  i 
m  e-uptive  origin  to  theeo  o--  bods  and  serpentine,  and  ovon 
tone  ,  but  this  origin  ir  controverted  by  Brooks,  who  firct 
5o:ch;th>  associated  lower  lying  «andcton*.  S»aro«l7  any  frn« 
.t;-  would  c-edit  an  intrusive  origin.  No  catisfactory  explana- 
ion  nc.c  yot  been  advanced. 
Erool-s  T.B.  On  Certain  Lower  Silurian  Hockc  in  St.  Lawrence  Co. 

N.Y,   A. J.S.  III.  4.  p. 23. 

Lby  G.S.  Jotfr,  U.S.Acsoc.  Chare.  Ironworkers  Vol. XI  p. 263. 
Bmmons    N.Y.  Oool.  Su-vey.  2nd  Dist.  p. 93. 

Type  9.  Lake  Superior  Hematit.js,  Beds  of  hematite  both  red  and 


17 

specular  in  crystalline  schists  and  related  ^ocks  of  the  Kuroniaa 
System,;  Itore  cr  less  Kagnetite  is  also  often  present/  Although  of 
widel'-  diffevvin^  physical  characters  all  the  Lake  Superior  h.3n>ati~ 
ouc  are  hore  grouped  under  one  general  type  in  ordev>  to  avoid  anne- 
cessary  subdivisions  and  L.o  emphasize  their  closely  related  'reclo.^- 
ical  position.  The  individual  cha^ac  :-.ers  a-»o  brought  cut  n/  the 
sub- types.  There  are  four  principal  o^e  producing;  belts,  or  dist- 
ricts,"  ""''he  Hfirquet  e  J*  just  south  of  Lake  Superio"  in  !'ich.,,"Th-j 
Menominee"  on  the  southern  border  of  '  ich.  between  the  upper  oc-nin- 

*  «i 


sular  of  M.ich.  and  Y'is.J'fhe  Gogebic  on  the  nor-.h  western  bolder 
between  Mich,  and  Vfis ,  ^  The'rerrnillion  Lake1  in  I.'inn,  nor '.hives  t-  of 
Ls.ke  Superior. 

Typo  fa,  ""arquotto  District,  '-'he  Marquotte  district,  was  earli- 
est known  and  has  been  most  thoroughly  s  udiecU  ';'he  Iluronian  rocks 
form  a  broad  synclinal  trough  with  subovdina  ")  folds,  and  several 
v.onrjuos  or  projections  •>-un  .inrr  out  from  the  main  body.,  '''hey  "ost 
on  and  are  bounded  by  Laurent  iar.  gneiss.,  Vho  Murom  an  consists  of 
quartzi-.es,  schisms,   banded  jaspers,  dikes  altered  to  'Mtsoa*pstonoJ 
limostono  and  the  ores.  Brooks  divided  i:  into  x,  .'on-'.y  m-jr,;ber;3.  Beds 
VI.  X.  XII,  and  XIII.  and  an  horizon  bole."  V.  afforded  r,he  ore. 
F-ed  XIII  affords  the  magnetise  which  increases  in  amount  towards 
the'  western  portion  of  the  fi  -Id.,  ( C-oclogy  clisov!ibod  at  ].'.-ngt  \  in 
the  lo etudes.,  with  maps.,  sections  and  lantern  vi-.iws)<  '»*hO  Crcs  avo 
classed  b''  Brooks  under  five  heads,  (a)  Red  Specula1";  (b)  ''a'jnj'i-ic , 
(c)  I'ixedJ  (d)  Sof  .  Hematites^  (o)  ;?lag  Ores,  Class  (a)  includes 
tho  slaty  hematites  vrtiich  break  into  irregular  Capering  plat3S, 
and  the  massive  so-callod  granular  o^os.  Clrss(b)  includes  r^anu- 
l£  ^  and  moro  o^  less  friable  magno fc.  itos  v/hich  a^e  rolatod  to  i'ypo 
15.  •''lass  (c)  includes  tho  highly  silicious  o^os,  consisting  of 
hematite  closo-ly  intftrlaminatod  with  red  or  white  jasper*  V/hon 
containing  ov;?v>  45  or  50  po'-vct.  iron  hhoy  a^o  valuable,  Class  (d) 
are  limonitc>s  closely  Delated  to  *-?ype  ^a  whore  they  aro  referred  to, 
Class  (c)  has  a  fl^^gy  structure  and  a>"0  rolat  ;*d  xo  class  (c)  but 
aro  less  distinctly  bandod  and  arc  me^oly  local  variations  of  fer- 
ruginous schists.  On  the  east  tho  soft  homa cites  (limonito-s)  are 
first  mo.L, ,  \.h^n  in  soing  west  the*  red  hematites  and  then  the  mag- 
netic charac'.or  increases  'intil  at  the  '-'ostern'pnd  of  -ho  district 
.tho  magnetites  are  most  abundant.  There  is  a  small  o-vtlior  to  tho 
south  cf  tho  district  containing  :h;)  Ch'jsir:-  min3.  -ho  oro  bodies 
c.re  tru'-s  bads  oi'  greater  o*'  loss  oxtont,  and  often  quite  irregular- 
ly disrributod.  '"hoir  origin  has  boon  a  sub  joe*  of  much  controver- 
sy. Tho  oa^ly  explorers  Poster  and  vrhitnoy,  attributed  an  ovfuptivo 
origin  to  them,  a  difficult  thesis  lat^lv  attempted  by  Vfa*  dsworth 
(I.e.  b;lo-:).  All  the  otho-  geologists,  who  he.cl  studied  fno.i 
(Crodnor.  Brooks.  Puiupelly  and  at  firs'.  Irving)  attributed  to  them 
an  o-igin  like  beds  of  limonitj  ,;hich  Tfiu«re  subsoquontly  motamorph^-; 
osod  to  hematite,  in  the  general  raetarnorphism  of  tho  region,  Brooks 
thought  it  probable  that  tho  hematites  we"3  altered  magnet  it os,  an 


i<;«ja  0onftra«<!  fc?  th«  pre»»»&l«  of  naMitit  wt  that  all  hal  boen 

originally  limonite, 

I  rooks  T.B.  Geol.  Survey  of  Mich.  Vol.  I. 

Credner.H.  Zeitsehr. d.d.  goal.  Ge*.  Vol.21.  p.51G.  i;'.f>9. 

B  &  H  7.-*it.  1871  p. 369. 

Foster  and  Vfhitney.  (tool,  of  the  Lake  Superior  J)i*t.  Part-  II. 
?,oniin:-e~.C  Seal.  Survey  «f  Mich.  Vol.  IV. 

'\a  dsv/orth.M.E.Tot  *  on  tho  3»ol.  of  th*  Trcn  and  Copper  Dint.  L.S.I' .1 
"edding  7oit .  f.P.K.u.S.in  p.  Staat.  ".XI-r.  p. 33$. 
"N-iCht,  f.  .E.and  Law  ton  C.D.  Ropt's  of  the  Com,  of  tha  Mineral  Etat* 

istics.  ?;ich.  1^  0  and  to  dato. 

Typo  Tb.  Menominoo  Pist.   Tho  ro«ks  ar:»  essentially  like  those 
in  *he  Va^quetto  Pis^.  and  the  .ora  bodies  have  siraila^  relations. 
Tho  homauito  is  found  in  Bed  VI.  of  L rooks'  Schorae.  Tho  ores  aro 
'•  •;nov<all  •  soft  bluo  homa;ites  (powdo~in';  ^od)  of  oarthy  structur'j, 
and  mad;  up  of  vo-y  fino  particles  of  specula^".  Tho  brown  hematites 
r -•"'.:•  of  v?ry  lirriitc?d  occurrence,  b  ,inc  kno-.m  ho, /ever  in  tho  PJiBKio'c 
I  "inc. 

Prooka  T.D.  Wisconsin  Surv;r;'.  Vol.  ITT.  430|a3o.  .^iV  '\1*»^ 
}  roi/n  D.H.  Distribution  of  Phosphorus  in  tho  Ludington  Kino.M.E. 

17.  ^>16. 
Fulton  J.  I'odo  of  Poposinion  of  tho  T^-on  Or  s  of  the  Konondnoe 

Rancc  T.ich.  M.E.  16.  525. 

larsson  Per.  Th>:  Chap  in  Mine.  M.S.  lo.  119. 
V"i£hi;  C.K.  V/isconsin  Survey,  Vol.  III.  'VV5.  734.   Also  :,h,.  papors 

c  i  t  •-•  d  undo  r  T  y  p  o  T  a . 

Typ.3   9c.    Ponok-..;.-1.    Gon-?bic   Dist..    Th--:   rocks   of   this   district    crc 
loss  iii.1:  camor|ahosQd  than   in  tho   previous   tv/o.    Th-»   s.ra   a   rim  3  and 
\;i  th  a  northorl"   dip   of   ")0   -oO*1  ,    and  no   subordin;.   o   folds.    Thty 
consis'c    of   chur-y   lir*wston-«»   ai,    the   baso,    follov/od  b-r   quart z-slat.^* 
q^iartxi -, ;,    iron  ore   and  i'.:"ini£;inous    ch-j^ts^    rnd  finally   slatss   an^ 
schisms.    The   strata   a 'o   t.ravvsed  by   dikus.    Th.:  .  oro    is   a   sof;    rod 
Jioni)v/hat   hydratttd  hematic      with  nior.j   or   lass  man^anosj,    oft-vn  con- 
sido^abl-i,    and  mo-;   abundant    in  thi»:   sou  horn  minos.    Ila-d  specular 
ii.!    ra~o.  I^vinr;   fix'st    showed   "hat    thosj    ore  liodics   had  origina-. 

ted  f^-om  thcs   r«5placsm.:nt    of  dolomitic    or   calcitic   bods    ;i  ah   i^on 
oxid'..'.    La--.or  "an  JUs  ;   has   shovn   them  to  b:>    in  thj   t  ^ouchis   form;d 
>•»;'   th=.)    int '^^s  action  of  north-?~lv  dippin;  compact    qua^tziivjs    snd 
sou^ho^ly   clipping  trap  dik-js.    Ho   trac    s   thc«    i^on  to  'a  source    in  the 
layers   of  chsrty   carbonates   pa^all?!  with   quartziti-;   and  abovt?   it. 
'*rora  this    it   has   b   on  leached  out   by  percolating  vatcsr  and  dtposi- 
t.o4  in  the   apices   of  the   trough*  wh..re   it   has   replaced  the   original 
cerbonar,e    rocks. 

7,  &  M  Jour.    (Joc^bic   ^ang:.    )!ar.    12,    1887.    p.    182. 
Iwing  R.T>.    »eol.    Wis.,  \rol.    Ill      pp.i«0^*"ia7. 

Origin  of  Fvrrugy  Schists  and  I**on  Ores  of  L.S. 
A.J.S.  III.  32.253T3S5, 


!    .-.:•  •;      b   • 


..-   '•  -'  •••'      •        •    ::..  .  -, 

''  '       " 

- 

*  r  -  j'fByri 

:     • 


' 


19 

The  Iron  Ores  of  the  Penokoe  Qogebie  Serios  in  Mich. 
ld.tfU.  AoJ.S;  Jan.  1889  p.  32  Rei. 
Wright  O.E',   Geol.  Wic.  Vol  III  pp.  239-301 

Type  yd,  Vermillion  Lake  Minn.,  B^d.n  of  h**rt  specular  rri*h  but 
little  soft,  in  a  series  consisting  of  jasper  (co  called  jacpilyto 
of  I'inn.  geologists)  chlorite-schists  and  quartzite,  with  decom- 
posed dikes  now  altered  to  "coapstono"  .  They  are  situated  some  70 
mil'vsjnorth-v;est  of  Lake  Superior  and  are  analogous  in  their  geolog- 
ical occurrence  to  the  other  subtypes,  There  are  two  iron  bearing 
districts;  ':  one,  to  the  west  the  Mecabi  Range  in  v/hich  strata  Ii3 
horizontal,  and  closely  resemble  tho  Penokee  region  contains  mag- 
netic Oreo,  which  have  not  as  yet  boen  rendered  productive;  tho 
other,  on  the  east^ths  Virmillion  Lake.  in  which  the  strata  lie 
nearly  vertical  affords  the  specular.  In  the  latter  district  thei-ie 
ar^  two  belt:'  a  r.iile  apart,  of  which  tho  northern  io  tho  larger  and 
most  productive,  They  afford  in  many  places;  a  total  of  30*  clean 
oro,  The  northern  deposit  extends  about  ono  milo  on  the  atrikoj 
the  southern  about  one-half  a  mil;3« 

Chester  AJ-L.  llth  Annual  Ropt.  Minna  Gcol,  155-187,  Roc. 
Gomutock  ToB.  Vermillion  Lake  Diet,  in  Brit  ,  Ajuorica  MBE,  16,  109 
Winchell  1KH..&  others  in  tho  Ann,  Reptt  Minn,  Goo^^^'lco  forthcom- 
ing Bulletin  en  I.!  inn.  I^-on  Oroa,,  Minn,  State  Survey* 

Type  10,  Pilot  Knob  Mo..  Tv/o  beds  of  hard  specular  hematite,  f\ 
with  a  thin  scam  of  clato  between,  intorst  ratified  v/ith  oonglon*or- 
atoc  and  sheets  of  porphyry  of  tho  Huronian  Sorioc,  Tho  Osark 
Mfna  of  Mo.  and  Ark.  being  to  daylight  throujgh  tho  Lower  Silurian 
liraectoncc  and  sandstones  a  oorieu  of  knobs  chiefly  of  porphyritio 
rocks  e  Such  -c,  one  is  Pilot  Knob  with  itc  tv/o  oro  boda..lho  lov/or* 
bod  has  been  the  most  productive  and  -,/afij  from  25  '-40  '  thick, 
The  upp  -r  uai:  thinner  and  lects  rogular*  They  are  nov;  moatly  yorkod 
out.(Viowc  and  Sections).  Two  neighboring  porphyry  knobc,Shoptrd 
M't'n.  c.nd  Cedar  M't'n.  alcojoontain  oro  in  veins.  Tho  first  a  voin 
of  clocin  magnotitOj  and  another  of  pyritous;  do,  :  tho  sjeoond,  ono 
of  opooular,  but  noith-or  hill  affords  much  or«. 
Por  Lit-sratur;  cao  undor  Typo  11. 

Typ><)  11.  Iron  Mountain  Moftt^r«inc  of  hard  Specular  irregularly 
c^gmiiyt  a  knob  of  porphyry,  Thouo  voino  aro  difforont  from(Pilot  .^i 
Knob^v/hlch  is  a  true  bod.  Th-':y  r*>aoh  at  tim-ss  groat  thiakn*jq«, 
30!-4e-'-507  but  also  run  out  into  tho  wullo  in  small  otrin'jors  and 
irregular  maosoo.  In  cuch  form  th-^y  oftvm  uhow  th-j  oast  of  apatite 
cryctalo  nou  vroath^rod  au&y.  The  ehiuf  cou^eu  of  tho  or^j  is  not 
hovevor  ixt  proo-snt  th^  voinc  but  is  derived  from  a  mantling  conglom- 
erate (th;  so-eallod  "black  oro,  )of  ;ha»atitfc  «oid  parphyry  boxxld*rs 
vith  clay  otc.,  ,vrtiioh  surrounds  tho  knob  and  dips  avay  under  tho 
Ic-tsr  Silurian  limestones  and  sandstones.  It  is  the  shore  shingle 
of  tho  early  Silurian  ocean.  This  is  miMd  uridar  tho  lator  formed 
Silurian  atrata  and  washed  of  its  barren  rock  \/hon  brought  to  th* 
the  surfjice.  An  eruptive  origin  Yfc.c  orisinally  ascribed  to  these 


20 

Mo.  ores  by  J.D. Whitney,  iji  later  inves'tljfations  Dr.Adtlf  Schmidt 
considers  them  both  at  Pilot  Knob  and  Iron  M't'n,  to  have  been 
formed  either  by  a  replacement  of  tho  porphyries  with  iron  oxide 
deposited  from  solution,  or  by  a  fillinj  in  the  same  way  «*&  fissu- 
res probably  formed  by  the  contraction  of  the  porphyry  in  2ooli:i£». 
Pumpolly  also  endorses  this  hypothesis,  J.R.Gago  has  explained  the 
Pilot  Knob  bed  as  originating  by  replacement,  the  iron  bein£  der- 
ived by  lateral  secretion. 

Gage  .T.R.  Trans.  St. Louis  Acad.  Sci.  1873  pp. 181-192, 
Pumpelly  R.  and  Schmidt  A.  Iron  Ores  and  Caal  Fields  of  Mo.  1373 
Shepherd  F.  Ann.Rept.  Mo.  Geol. Survey.  1853754 
\Vhitnoy  J.D.  Mot.  Wealth.  1854. 

Typo  12.  James  River  Va.  Specular.   Narrow  bods  of  specular 
intorstratified  with  quartzitos  and  slates  of  motamorphic  charac- 
ter and  Archaean  age.  Mors  or  less  clay  is  also  beddod  with  i/ne  ore 
They  run  4'-fif  or  less  in  width  with  prevailing  vertical  dip  and 
furnish  a  ve"ry  excellent  grade  of  ore.  They  are  situato-.i  along  both 
sides  of  tho  James  ,.  a  fov;  milec  north-cast  of  Lynchburg.  A  faw 
magnotito  deposits  are?  associated  with  them  and  some  limonite. 
Bent on  E.B.  In  tho  Consus  Ropt.  vol.15  p. .263. 
Cair.pbftll  J.L..  Resources  of  "Iv;  Jamas  Rivor  Valley. 
The  Virginias  n  !'onthly  publish  ;d  by  Jod.  Hotchkiss  Staunton  Va. 
Othar  b'jds  of  spocular  ar.;  knov;n  in  I'.e.,N.jr.^  Ala.  and  in.manj 
motamorphic  districts. 

Analyses  of  Hematites.  R.3d  and  Specular. 

Pe.     P.    S.    SiO  Al  0  H  0 

Clinton  N.Y.  (Fossil  Cre).      44.10  O.G50  0.33   12.63  5.45   2*77 
Vfisoonoin   (Fossil  Oro  ).       51.75  1.392 
Punn.  (I'ifflin  Co).  44.4   0.115  0.028 

T^nn.  (Moigs  Co).  51.63  0.345 

Ala.  Birmingham.  56.4  0.'J4        1G.3  0^5 

Antworp^N.Y.  4v^.32  O.^S3 

Mo.  Crawford  Co.  59.41  0.085  -   . 

Mieh.Ma>*quotto  Dist .  (Specular) .  ">8.4  0,5o        2.07 

*'      tr      tf       G4.83  0.057        3.oO   2.03 
Dist.  60.47   .00^       3.3Q 

I  to..  Iron  M't'n  G5.5  0.040  0.010.15.75 

II  Pilot  Knob  59.15  0.015       13.27  2.19 
Jamos  Rivor  !'aud  trein          4r.89  0.139 

Blba  51.81  0.02   0.17  11.97   3.47 

Pure  Mineral  70.«fc 

These  analyses  are  mostly  taken  from  the  State  Reports  and  the  Min- 
eral Resources  of  the  U.S. .They  are  intended  to  illustrate  the 
roneral  run  of  compositions,  but  for  Marquette  are  high.  Analyses 
necessarily  vary  widely. 

Magnetite. 

Type  13,  Magnetite  Beds.  Beds  of  magnetite,  often  of  lentic- 
ular shape,  inters tratified  v/ith  Archaean  gneisses  and  crystalline 


. 


. 

r        r^ 


.01 


' 


21 

limes-tones.  They:  are  extensively  dev&loped  in  the  Adirondacks,  in 
the  IKY.  and  N.J,  Highlands  and  in  western  N,C.«The  paiesenoe  of 
magnetite  in  Mich. (Type  9a)  in  Minn.  (Type  9d)  in  Mo.  (Type  10,  in 

Cl.op.uerd  I.Iftfn)5  ana  in  Va9 (Typo  12)  lias  Already  boon  roforrod  -co, 
Other  magnetite  bodi^s^'are' known  in  1ol.<j7tah^Cal.  and  ""yorainc  a** 
will  be  mentioned'"stiDsequc3ntly,  Titanium  is  often  present  in  such 
amounts  as  to  render  the  ore  of  no  value.  The  same  is  truo  of 
pyrite,  Apatite  is  always  found  although  it  may  bo  in  vory  small 
quantity.  Chlorite4  hornblondeor  augito,  epidote,  quartz,  feldspar 
and  a  little  salcito  are  the  common  associated  minorals*  In  row 
Jersey  the  bsds  occur  in  several  parallel  ranges  or  bolts, 

Typo  :i.3a,  Adirondack  Region.  Tho  magnetite .deposits  occur  in 
v.he  foothills  of  the  Adirondacks  on  all  sides  and  to  c  l"/ss  extent 
in  the  i-auntains  thomsalvos.  The  mountains  aro  vory  largely  l:nobo 
of  massive  rock  which  is  chiofly  labradorito^/ith  soms  hyparsthono, 
Laid  up  against  theso  in  the  foothills  aro  gnoiss  and  crystalline 
liraer tones,  in  the  fo>*mer  of  v;hich  occur  the  magnetite  dopoeite  , 
At  Lyon  hft;n  on  tho  north,  tho  Chateaugay  O"o»bodv  is  really  a  b,,d 
of  gnoi«e  vory  rich  in  magnetite,  rich  enough  in  places  to  afford 
d.  nv.'rc'.iar'.t,ciylc  or-;,  The  greater  part  of  it  however  requires  concon- 
t  rat  ion...  It  is  known-  for  several  miles  on  the  outcrop.  On  either 
cidi  the  ore  shades  out  into  the  walls  of  barren  rock.  The  little 
Rivor  Mines  on  tho  west  side,  in  St.  Laaronc'3  Co,  appear  to  b.;  a 
similar  but  larger  bod  of  loan  oro.  (Said  to  bo  800 f -1500*  v/ido 
and  2  miles  long), 

Bosid-'js  those  -)xt  ,-ndod  bods,  the"-:  £*• »  oth -r  d)posios  ;xhibiting 
mor;  perfectly  the  peculiar  lenticular  shap  /  charact  ;ristio  of 
magnetite  bodies,  and  to  this  class  aro  to  bo  r.rforrod  tho  greater 
nuiiibor  of  smaller  bodies.  Thoy  pinch  and  sw..«llf  roll  and  fold  and 
f-oathwr  out,  and  como  off  sharp  .)ly  from  the  wafcls.  Thoy  of  tun  fol- 
low and  overlap  on-j  anoth  ,-r  like  shingles.  They  aru  «ot  infroquont- 
ly  cut  by  trap  dik  -a^  Other  deposits  aro  of  onormous  size  as  .-at 
MincvillCj  (2COvclear  ore  b^tvroon  tho  walls)  and  thlwr  relations 
aro  irisb  clear.  Thoy  may  bo  largo  lenses  folded  or  doubled  ovor. 
The  Ohamplain  magnetite  i.s  quite  notably  granular  as  controls iod 
vrith  NSW  Jersey  vrhich  tends  to  break  in  ^tsrms-'s.  O.E«,Hall  divides 
those  laetamorphic  rocks  into  thy  (a)  Lowc?r  Laurentian  Magnetite 
Iron  Ore  Series,  containing  tho  most  important  or:  beds,  (b)  Tho 
Laurent ian  Sulphur  Ore  Series,  (c)  Thu  Limestones  and  cho  Labrador 
or  Upper  laursntian  v^ith  Titaniferous  Iron  Or  s.  (c)  is  certainly 
later  than  (a)  but  tho  relations  of  (b)  ar.?  uncertain.  T0S»Hunt 
also  states  that  th*  titaniforous  or-js  aro  associated  with  ^hv 
Labradcritc  Series  or  Tlo-rtart .  (Goog.  Hist,  Ktatals).  Commercially 
tho  -res  arc  divided  into  l.«or>s  high  in  phosphorus  but  low  in 
Aulphur.  2,,  Ores  lov;  in  both  phosphorus- and  sulphur.  3..  Pyritop.ss 
4,  . Titaniferous  ores,  (Census  R-spt  .Vol.18) . 
T*^  r.1?'?  numerous  magnetite  deposits  in  Canada  of  analogous 
but  th  :v  ar-^  oft«n  highly  titaniforcua. 


• 


cT  * 

.  JUftl    ,  :£    tfi     , 

J  bk&'  o 


0    8A 


'  '       .  '  I    1-.  r 


r nojaprai 


Views  showing  the  dis-tributions  and  geological  sections » 
Or^dner  Kn'Zoitsch,d,d,  Geol.Goc-.  1369  XXI.p,561j  and 

B.  &  H.Z.  1871  p'369. 

Dana.J.D-.  On  Theories  of  Magnetite,  A.J.S.  III.  22-152-402. 
rramonsYRV  Rept.  on  th«  2nd.  Di-M,.  K.Y.  Gool.  Survey-. 
I-i£.ll,C,E,  Ann. Rept.  State  Geol.  N.Y.  1834. 32nd.  Ann.P.ept .  nia-*' ^  T*ur, 
Smocfc,J.C.  Bull,?.  N.Y<  State  Mus. 
bedding  Zeitschu f . B.H.&S. in  p. St.  XXIV  330.  1876 
Also  general  references  cited  above. 
SillimarioB.  Rem'ks  on  the  Magnetites  of  Clifton  St.  Laurence  Co. 

N.Y.   M.E.  1.  364. 

Type  15bo  N.Y.  &  T-T..T.  Highlands ,   Beds  of  lenticular  chape  in 
Archaean  gneiss  and  crystalline  limestone.  Prom  Putnam  N.Y.  a  ridgr" 
of  Archaean  rune  S.W«  across  the  Hudson  River,  Orange  Go0  N.Y,  and 
northern  N,J.  into  Perm.  Lencis  of  magnetite  occur  throughout  its 
,--entire  extent.  They  are  not  as  largo  ac  in  the  Adirondack^  but  sirs 
more  regularly  distributed,   Pour  courses  or  belts  have  been  recog- 
nized in  N.Je   The  Ramapo,  the  Paasaie,  the  Muse one toong,  and  tho 
Peque;jt.   The  lenses  strike  north  east  with  the  gncissoa,  and 
usually  have,  like  thorn,  high  dips.  In  addition  they  havo  also  a 
cocalled  "pitch"  along  the  strike  so  tha4;  they  runjdia.gonally  dov/n 
in  th?  gri^icQ,  EJtho^  b'r  tho  overlapping  of  Icncssc  or  by  an  approx- 
imation  to  an  elongated  bed  they  sometimes,  an  at  Hibcrnia.,  o:;tc:ii 
a  mile  or  moro.  Again  they  may  bo  almoct  circular  in  Grossest ion  , 
At  Franklin  Furnace  one  is  found  in  crystalline  limestone.   The 
Tilly  Foster  ore  body  of  Putnam  Co.  N.Y.  has  been  mos-;  fully  d  >• 
cribed,  and  attention  is  especially  directed  to  it  as  a  typical 
representative . 

Compare  also  Franklinite  deposits  Type  28. 
Cock^GeOoK,  and  Smock, J.C .% N. J.  Geol» Survey.  185S  Rec.   and 

sub s  e  quent  Annual  Re p ' t s ' 0 

Pullman, J:W,  The  Production  of  tMe  Mibevnia  Mine.N.J.  M.E. 14.  904, 
Huttmanr: .-T«S.  Notes  on  the  Geol.  of  the  Tilly  Poster  Ore  Bod/  , 

Putnam  Co*  II. Y.   !!.E.  15.  79.   Reo» 

Smock  ,JBG,  The  Kagnot.ite  Iron  Ores  of  1T.J.   M.E.2,  314  Rec. 
^endt.A.P,  Thn  Tvon  ?!ines  of  Putnam  Co.  N.Y.   M.B,  1^473 

':.':*po  l-jc,  Cov:n:rall  Penn, »  Immense  beds  of  soft  magnetite  associa- 
ted with  r;reen  slates,  limestones  and  Vr  lassie  sandstone  d,  and 
pierood  b^  dikes  of  Triassie  diabase.  The  exact  goolosical  re-lat: 
ons   of  th^se  beds  have  been  greatly  disputed,  i  ,e  .  as  tc-  whether 
•'•.hoy  are  c:  Triassie  or  earlier  age.  They  occur  just  at  the  junc- 
ticn  of  thy  older  Siiuro- Cambrian  schists  and  the  red  Triasnis 
cs.ynictcne^  >  and  in  thj  came  region  are  normal  lenses  in  Archaean 
gneisses  r-nd  slates.   (Views  and  Sections ),   These  beds  have  oecn 
thought  e,'u-?tiv3s  but  are  now  generally  regarded  as  metamcrphio  arid 
Lesley's  hypothesis  that  they  were  limonites  like  Type  2a,. which 
have  been  r..3tamorphosed  by  the  trap  seems  most  reasonably  (1'Sth 
Can^u3/57ol.l5  p.  11;,  (Compare  also  Type  14).  Considerable  a:;cii2X-.'-s 


23 

of  Copper  ores — ohaloopyrite  etc*  occur  with  the  magnetite  in  fis- 
sures -running  across  it* 
Prs»ser*P-«  A  Study  of  the  Spec,  and  Magnetic  Iron  Ores  of  the  New 

Red  Sandstones  in  York  Co.  Pa.  •  M.E.-  5.132. 
Hunt.T-yS.  The  Cornwall  Iron  Mines  etc.   M.E.  4.  319. 
d'Invilliers  E.V.  The  Cormrall  Iron  Ore  Mines  Leb.  Co.  Pa,  M.E. 

14.  873. 

Rogers. H.D.  1st.  Geological  Survey  Penn.  II.   718. 
Willis. B.  10th.  Census. Vol.  15.  p*.223. 

Type  13d.  Western  North  Carolina.  Beds  of  magnetite  of  the  char- 
acters already  d '.scribed,  in^^neTssea  and  schistose  rocks. 
At  Cranberry,  which  is  the  largest  and  best  known,  pyroxene  is  in 
marked  association  with  the  ore.  In  the  southern  central  portions 
of  the  State  the  ore  bodies  are  in  mica  and  talcose  schists  refer- 
red by  Kerr  to  the  Huronian.  Professor  Kerr  also  makes  a  distinc- 
tion between  Upper  and  Lower  Laurent ian.   The  Cranberry  beds  are  of 
great  size  and  have  lately  become  very  productive. 
Kerr.W.C.   Geology  of  North  Carolina-  1875. 

Type  13e.  Rocky  Mountain  Region.  Beds  of  magnetite  a&J  lenticular 
character  either  in  rocks  described  as  syenites  and  diorites,  or 
between  limestones  and  quartzites  of  supposed  Silurian  age. 
Magnetites  are  known  in  Colorado  at  Iron  Mtn.  Fremont  Co.   (too 
titaniferous  to  be  valuable)  of  lenticular  shape  in  diorite. 
(Rolker);  in  Chaff ee  Co.  at  the  Calumet,  Hecla  and  Smithfield  Mines 
lenticular  masses  in  decomposed  Syenite  (they  furnish  excellent 
ore);  in  Cost.  11  •*  Co.  in  lime stone (Gens us)  or  Syenite  (Rolker);  in 
Gunnison  Co.  at  the  Iron  King,  and  Cumberland  Mines,  excellent  ores 
in  questionable  Silurian  quartzites  and  limestones.  At  Ashcroft 
near  Aspen  high  up  on  -the  northern  side  of  the  Elk  Mtn.  is  a  great 
bed  of  magnetite.  :MI-;.  limestones  with  abundant  eruptive  rocks  near. 
It  is  thought  by  W.B.Devereux  to  be  the  altered  outcrop  of  a  pyrite 
deposit.  There  are  other  smaller  deposits  in  different  parts  of 
the  State.  Some  of  the  Colorado  magnetites  run  into  pyrite  in  depth 
and  they  have  originated  thus.  Still  pyrite  is  a  common  associate  • 
elsewhere. 
Chauvenet.R.  Papers  on  Iron  Prospects  in  Col.. Ann. Rep fts  Col.  Sch. 

of  Mines. 1885-86-87. Also  The  Iron  Resources  of  Col. 

Denver  Meeting  M.E.  18S9. 
Devereux.W.B.  Notes  on  Iron  Ore  Deposits  in  fc&lkin  Co.  Col.  M.E. 

12.  608. 

Rolker. C.M.Notes  on  Certain  Iron  Ore  Deposits  in  Col.  M.E.  14.  266. 
In  Wyoming  an  immense  mass  of  titaniferous  magnetite  is  known  near 
Chugwater  Cr. .It  is  described  (Hague)  as  resembling  a  great  dike 
in  grant ie, 
HaguecA.  Iron  Mtn.  WYO.  40th  Par.  Surv.  Vol.11  Rl4. 

Type  14.  Utah  and  Cal.  (1)  Iron  Co.  Utah.  Beds  of  magnetite  and 
hematite  in  limestones  of  questionable  Silurian  age  «  bearing  evi- 
dences of  being  metamorphosed  limonitcs.  The  limestones  have  bean 


ti  A«  *Jtt*BM  *iit  i^^^^^^^H 


-  • 


' 


sis,  a, 

r-:r   aeaaar-- 
II  --?.• 
.Xn^dcBjO  fjrui    ,  toil   ari^   4*c 

•wliS  c 

rri«.ffjf*forf  »rf^  m: 
•  ^nfi  w 

c3  -la  erf^  s<f 

s^iaoq»i> 

stao&   »«J 


ilWisf  eJxaoqsCT  flriC  'noil  no  so; 

ri«^-: 


*!..  .1*   i* 
eOYiC    ..,^  ,A,ew; 


• 
»8»J>iudtt!jL  ^leodi 


much  upturned  and  metamorphosed  and  pi-erced  by  dik^s  and  erup 
mds-ses  or>:  trachyte  (  ?  )  *  In  the  Star  Dist0  in  the  sain?;  r-egicr-.  ^V,c-  ore 
£pr.:rj.r*.iv!,ly  lies  between  quartz  it  e  and  granite*  He-Aat.ite  occurs  in 
large  e^-.-UKt  associated  with  magnet  ite.   Quartz  is  ab^naatr',  vr,.  tho 
ore  of  -p.'jrr.e  claims,  and  also  in  certain  streaks  large  crystals  c£ 
apat-ilrtf  i   The-*  Importance  of  those  deposits  lie;?  In  the  futurn., 

They  are  doubtless  the  largest  in  the  west.   They  are  interesting 
in  their  rearing  OK  the  general  origin  of  magnetites., 
B,*k3  ?/,!-',  Irr>Y«  Ore  Impcsits  of  Southern  Utah  M0S0  1-i,  809  c 
Nev..eri'y  T-S7  The  Ge:oer>is  of  Our  iror^Ores,  Scof  M,  Quar,  Mir,  1800 

£,&  r.f,  Journal  April  23   1881  p0  285,  ,'W.  ,  >UH  OUatt  ,  'VfO, 
Putnfun  B.To  'lOhh  Census  .  Vol.15  pP-i-85 

(^)   Cdlif^rMia  Magnetite^    Beds  of  magnetite  of  J.ev-tioular 
shapy  i>i  tr.e  rnetrxm:-rphio  slates  and  limestoriea  of  the  western 
s:.:  opes-  ::f  the  Sierras  ^   Deposits  of  excellent  ore  &re  known  in 
Sierra  and  .Flayer  Ooimtiec  often  succeeding  one  another  i'ofc-  a  con---- 
siderable  stretv-h  on  the  striken 

Browns  J0K.  Kept,  on  Mining  Resources  etc,  W,  of  KocV;y  M'T.  'n?,  1863 
King  G.  ;"fc  .HagLie  o.-.B,  In  Kuyiiionds  Mines  and.  Miinii;^  V/,.  of  ^ocky 

MouVitaJ.iiS   1S74   ps4Ao 

Hasiks  H,G^&  Xrel^n  Wm  ,  Anrjc  Rep'ts  of  the  Gal.,  Ltate  Mineral  ogisv.* 
VoRichthofen  5\  Private  Report  quoted  in  10th  Census  Vol.  15 
Wliltney  J/D,  Geol,  3urv0  Gal..  Rep  „  1865.  Vol.  I, 

Type  15  »  Magnetic  Sands,   Beds  of  magnetite  sands  conc 
on  beats  he*  by  th$  waves0   Such  deposits  are  very  abundant  at  Moisie 
on  ths  St.  Laurence  below  Quebec  5  and  in  the  U?S,  are  known  in 
smaller  developments  on  Lake  Champ  la  in,  at  Quogue  L/I,  and  in  Gciin., 
along  the  Gh-^-at  Lakes  and  on  the  Pacific,,   Grains  of  garnet,   oli« 
vine,  hon)bli?nae  etcc  Minerals  of  high  specific  gravity  are  asso- 
ciated with  the  sands  o       Since  the  introduction  and  'ose  of 
blotting  :>jper  they  are  less  worked  than  formerly,, 

Himt  TeSc  Geolo  Gurvc  Can,  1836-69o   261-262,  Can.  Nat  ,Vi;  9p079  ,  1872 
JulienaAaA4  The  Genesis  of  the  Crystalline  Iron  Drew,  Pwoc,  AC  ad.., 

Ivat-j  Scio  Phil  a  c  1882  9p,  335  «  E,&M,  Jour«  Pcb,.  2nd  1884, 

On  the  Origin  of  Magnetite  Deposits, 

It  is  important  to  note  that  they  are  almost,  if  :nofc  qu.it  o  inva- 
riably in  ffistamcrphic  rocks  (gneises  aspecially,  less  often  ^rys- 
talline  li.Trje  stones  etce)  and  conformably  interbeddedo  As  the  exact 
history  of  these  met  Dimorphic  rocks  is  as  yot  uncertain,;  the  origin 
of  the  rsagnetites  shares  the  same  doubt.  In  eruptive  rocks  magiia- 
tite  5n  snifi.ll  grains  is  the  most  universally  distributed  of  the   if. 
minerals.   The  following  hypotheses  have  been  advanced. 
1,,  ,  The  intrusive  (eruptive)  Hypothesis;  an  origin  analogous  to  a 

trap  dike,  (Now  very  generally  rejected)  . 

2co  Ait^rerf  .Tirr.onite  or  bog  ore  hypothesis.  From  limonito  beds 
either  formed  in  marshes  (See  Type  1.)  or  in  lakes  (See  Type  3,}  or 
as  in  Types2  and  /ia.  Subsequent  metamorphism  of  the??  beds  and  the 
enclosing  rocks,  cha^gss  the  former  to  magnetite  and  the  latter  to 


• 

3Xooi   old 


gneises  etc.o  This  seems  to  have  been  shown  for  the  Cornwall  (Type 
±3c)  and  Utah,  (Typel4)  *a*id  is  the  hypothesis  having  the  endorse- 
mont  of  many  authorities.  The  limonite  may  also  have  been  derived 
by  the  alteration  of  lenses  of  pyrites,  and  these  metamorphosed, 
p-s  \T\  Col.  Type  14a. 

300  The  Beach  Sand  hypothesis.  Beds  of  magnetite  sands  derived 
from  the  weathering  of  massive  rocks  and  concentrated  by  waves  and 
then  buried  and  metamorphosed.  This  is  by  no  means  improbable  in 
many  instances. 

4..  The  River-bed  hypothesis.  That  tha  lenses  are  due  to  a  con- 
centration of  magnetite  sands  in  rivers,  or  flowing  currents* 
Honce  the  overlapping  lenses,  the  arrangement  in  ranges  or  on  line 
of  drainage,  and  the  frequent  swirling  curves  found  on  the  feath- 
o-inf  odgos  of  lenses.  (Original  with  Prof  .H.S.Munroe  of  Golumbia> 
prive.toly  communicated), 

In  regard  to  the  magnetite  lenses  of  the  Archaean  Gneisses  while 
the  hypotheses  above  cited  are  often  reasonable,  yot  most  candid 
observers  have  grown  with  widened  experience,  less  positive  in 
asserting  them, 

Analyses  of  Magnetites, 


Chatoaugay  Ore. 

1 f   Washed. 

Lake  Champlain  (Mine  21) 
Orange  Co.  N.Y,  (P,oflX) 
Putnam  Co.  N.Y. 
New  Jersey  (Hibernia) 
Cornwall  Pa. 
Cranberry  N.C. 
Col,  Calumot, 
Canada  (Rideau  Canal) 
Col,  Iron  King 
Utah 
Calo  Gold  Valley 


Pe 

P 

S 

49-24 

0.029 

0,052 

66,60 

0.003 

62.10 

1.198 

63.00 

0.621 

0.148 

48.82 

0.021 

0.08 

53.75 

0,364 

42.7 

0.135 

0,020 

64.64 

0.004 

0.115 

49.23 

0.025 

50.23, 

58.75 

0.044 

0.123 

62.6 

0.12 

60.687 

TiO 


SiO    Al  0 
18.447  1,363 


11.75   3.50 


3.85 


9.80 


4,80 

15.87  *   vc 

'/)£"••' importance  in  connection  with  iron  ore  deposits  are  the 
recent  studios  of  the  distribution  of  phosphorus  along  certain 
lines  in  the  beds,  by. a  knowledge  of  which  it  is  possible  to  keep 
more  valuable  bessomer  ores (under  O.^X  P>  distinct  from  less  val- 
uable '.ncn-bessemer.  Such  lines  have  been  found  in  Mich,  and  have 
been  called  by  Mr  Browne  "isochemic  lines".  Though  less 'marked  at 
the  Burden  Mines  (Type  3)  the  phosphorus  was  characteristic 
certain  varieties  of  the  ore. 
Browne  D.H.  On  the  Distribution  of  Phosphorus  at  the  Luddington 

Mine  etc..M.E.  17  616. 

Olmsted.I.  The  Distribution  of  Phosphorus  in  the  Hudson  River 
Carbonates.  M.E.  Col.  Moating  June  1889. 


. 


' 

' 

'    ••-..-  -:; 


26 
Pyrite. 

Type  16 9  Pyrite  Beds.  Beds  of  pyrlte  often  of  lenticular 
shape  and  character  analogous  to  the  magnetite  deposits,  in  slates, 
schists  anJ.  less  often  gneiss  of  the  Cambro -Silurian  System, or 
'  aean  group,  Slatec  are  most  common,  and  gneiss  least  so.   They 
extend  from  Canada,  down  the  Appalachians  to  Ala.,  being  found  at 
Vershire  Vta  Chatlemont  Mass,  (Anthony's  Nose^N.Y.^    /the— Gap-Mine 
Penn^-be-i-ng—^^^^^^t^e-- w-i-1-1— be— mertt  i  oned— unde  r  N tc ke-l~wi  th—c^t  her 
simllar_ox;-currenG-es),  Louisa  Co.  Va.   Ore  Knob.  N.C.  and  Duck  town 
Term,  and  at  many  points  less  well  known  in  Ala..  Also  at  Sudbury 
north  of  Lake  Superior  recent  developments  have  shown  another. 

They  lie  interbec$5d  in  the  slates  a&6. ,  often  the  different  len- 
ses overlap  and  succeed  each  other  in  the  footwall,  and  exhibit  all 
the  phenomena  cited  under  magnetites.  Copper  pyrites  is  usually 
present  in  small  amount^and  where  the  copper  reachee/4  or  5  X  they 
are  valuable  as  copper  ores  (See  under  Copper}*  At  present  they 
are  of  increasing  importance  as  a  Source  of  sulphuric  acid  fumes 
for  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid.   Small  amounts  of  load  and 
zinc  sulphides  are  often  present,  rarely  a  little  silver  and  nick- 
4r&  and  cobalt  especially  in  the  pyrrh$titic  varieties.  They  are 
worthless  as  a  source  of  iron.  The  auriferous  pyrites  of  the  soutX- 
.  ern?  states  will  be  mentioned  under  gold,  (Views  and  Sections). 
They  have  probably  accumulated  in  a  way  analogous  to  the  Bog 
Ore  Hypothesis  cited  unfler  Magnetite,  but  instead  of  the  iron  being 
precipitated  as  oxide  it  has  probably  come  down  as  sulphide  from 
the  influence  of  decaying  organic  matter,  and  has  subsequently 
shared  in  the  metamorphism  and  solidification  of  the  wall  rock. 
At  the  same  time  it  must  be  admitted  to  be  an  obscure  point, 
Adams  W<,H<>  The  Pyrites  Deposits  of  Louisa  Co«  Va.  M.S.  12.  527» 
Boyd  C«FU  The  Utilization  of  the  Iron  &  Copper  Sulphides  of  Va^ 
NaCc  and  Tenn0  M«E.  14  -s  1881. 
Resources  of  S0W.  Va. 
Credner  Ha  At  St3  Anthony's  Nose  Hudson  River  B*Jl  H.  Zeit.1866  p/17 

Pyrite  in  Va.  Term.  &  Geo.  B.&  H,  Zeit  1871  p.  370 
Davis  H9T3  Min0  Rasources  U.S.   1883-84  p. 501 

Wendt»A0  The  Pyrits  Deposits  of  the  Alleghanies.  Sch  . of M, Quarter- 
ly Volj  VII.  and  as  separate  reprint,  also  E.&  M.  Jour. 
June  5th  1886  £922  and  elsewhere. 
Wheeler  H,A0  Copper  Deposits  of  Vt.  S.of  M.  Quarterly  IV  219. 

Statistics  of  Iron  Ore. 

In  1880  the  total  iron  ore  mined  in  the  U.S,  was  7 0 974-306  tons  of 
which  limonite, 2. 119,218  or  27.6  %  of  total,  spathic  922P£88  or 
11*5  X»  fossil(Glinton)  615.573  or  706  X  >  Spes.  hematite,  l«896. 
918  or  23,6^  ,  Magnetite,  2.387.369  or  29.7  /.   The  States  ranked 
in  the  following  order  Perm.  Mich.,  N»Y9 ,  N.J.,  Ohio,  Wi s sour i, Ala* • 
Va. ,  Md. ,  Term*,  Ga.,  Ky.,  etc..  Mich,  now  produces  the  most,  and 
others  have  come  up,  but  the  data  for  very  accurate  ranking  at 
present  are  not  available. 


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eli^aa»if  .«a<i8  t  X^-Y  ^o  €T^xi  (notniXO)Xlpnol   ^X  3*11 
orft       ^ftfll  -«OL  Qd€»TM«t'«o^l^ciaatfi  ^  fp.«? 
oldO   ,,^Tf  ,.T.M  t.rlo!M  -iiino^  lo^c,  yxivoXIol 
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.  *•  -*•;;• 

In  18S2  Great  Britain  1S«  62&.240      Other  Countries  (  exempt  the 

United  States  1O,08O.OOO      following)  l-.10a-.000 

Germany       8.?*l>47S^l°81-Austria  Hungary  l.ljiVlOO 

Prance         3»857.00O      Sweden  910,532 

Belgium         275e500<,1880-Russia  I,128r319 

Spain         5.510,OOOol886-United  States  10.000,000 

Italy            385.700ol887-   •      "  11,500.000 

Popper  3 

jrrrrrra            QU  g     Pe 

Native  Copper  (Generally  some  Silver).       100 

Chalcolite              Cu2S               79,8  20,2 

Ghalcopyrite             CuFeS^              34-«6  34,9   30,5 

Bomite                 CuFeSj             61,79  25.8  11  9  7 


Tetrahedrite        4  CvS  SbaS,,  (Variable)    36,40  25,7 
Cuprfite  Cu^O  ^  88,8 

Melaco.rite  (Tenorite)     ,CuO  79C86 

Malachite  2CuO  00  H  0        57  „  4 

Asurite  3CuO+.  CO^rH^O       55»J 

Chrysocclia  GuC-hSiO^-V^h'^O       56,1 

Type  16.   Pyrite  Beds  with  intermingled  Chal(*opyriteu 
See  above  page  26.^yrites  (called  Muncl.U-  by  the  mi:ne>is}  is  the  pri- 
ncipal oor:?titut!?nt  of  such  bodies  but  often  the  copper  percentage 
reaches  4-!j  $  and  they  are  valuable  for  copper  0  They  havo  been 
worked  for  this  metal  at  Capelton  Quebec,  just  north  of  Vt».  at 
Vershiro  or  Ely,  Vt.v  Ore  Knob  and  Blue  Wing  N«C,  and  Due  kt  own  Tenn. 
and  at  various  smaller  l?eds  in  Md,  and  elsewhere,  The^  beds  are 
often,  altered  on  the  surface  giving  the  rusty  ferruginous  and  oxi- 
dized outcrop  known  as  gossan.  From  such  decomposed  material  at 
Ducktown  the  copper  leachod  out  and  became  concentrated  at  the 
water  line  in  a  zone  of  very  rich  ore  (called  "black  ore")  consist- 
ing largely  of  chalcecite,  melaconito,  and  tho  carbonates. 

Below  however  were  found  the  iron  and  copper  sulphides,  Consid- 
erable subte^anean  heat  is  developed  at  Due  kt  own  by  the  oxidation 
of  the  sulphides.  All  these  deposits  are  now  of  less  importance 
than  in  former  years  as  a  source  of  copper,  and  but  fen?  are  at 
present  in  operation.  For  Sudbury,  Ontario  soo  under  Nickel 

\  Vi?w3.  sections,  and  particular  descriptions),, 
Bailey  J,!',  The  Copper  Deposits  of  Adams  Co*  Ponn,  S,&,M,.T.  n'ob* 

17th  1883  P.  88. 

Credner  H0  On  ffesoktown  Term,  B0&<|H,  Zeit  ,J86?p.& 
E«&  It  t.  Jour,  Nov.  6  1886  p.  327.  The  Elizabeth  Copper  Mines  Vt»   See 

also  April  10th.  1886, 

Fraser  P0  Some  Copper  Deposits  of  C«rroM  C'o,  Md  a  M,I'..  v.  33., 
.(      Hypothesis  of  the  Structure  of  the  Copper  Belt  of  the 

South  Mountain  Penn,   M0E.  12,   1882, 

Renders  en  05H3  Copper  Deposits  of  the  South  Mountain  Poim  Ji&a&3£$36, 
Hunt.  Ta-J.^  Ore  Knob  f^'p««ctfl2»tti«M  some  related  Doposita.  M0S»  2c,123, 
Kleir.sohmidr  ,  (InVa,  Teim,  andN0Ca)  Gangs  t  *a»oi  en  »  7o."l63  p.C-tfiG 
c  :  •  1  sho  r  t  ac  o  ount  )  a 


*•   •      «•'•'•.    ••'„-,. 


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28 

51cott  EcB,  Ore  Knob  Copper  Mine  and  Reduction  Works.  M,E,  3*  391 
Mchardson- Copper  Ore  of  Stafford  Vt,  A,J.S.  I.  21  383. 
Faomey  M0   A  brief  Notice  of  some  Faot-s  connected  with-  the  Duck-  " 

town  Term,  Copper  Mines,  A.J.S.  II.   19  181, 

'"endt . A . P .  The  Pyrites  Deposits  of  the  Alleghanies  S.of  M.  Quar- 
terly. Vol.  7.  1886.  E.&.  M-.  J.  Euly  10th  &  following  1886o 
Yheeler  H.A.  Copper  Deposits  of  Vt.  S.of  M.  Quarterly  IV  239 

Type  16a.   Spenceville  Cal.  Beds  of  pyrites  with  considerable 
jhalcopyrite  in  Jurassic  slater  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Jevada.   The  ore  affords  about  31  jfe  X  copper.  The  deposits  are 
mown  in  several  counties  but  are- only  of  notable  importance  at 
Spenceville,  Nev,  Co.  and  Newton,) Amador  Co.  The  same  slates  afford 
;he  gold  veins  which  are  numerous  near  the  copper  mines ;  • 
Cllis  J.E,  Min.  Resources.  1884.  page  340/ 

!anksaH6G,  &  Irelan.W,  Repfts  of  Cal.  State  Mineralogist.  Scatter- 
ed Mention. 

Type,  16b.  Gilpin  Co.  Col..  Bodies  of  pyrite,  chalcopyrite  and 
>ornite  replacing  gneiss  (or  perhaps  granite)  and  dikes  of  quartz 
>orphyry  and  felsite,  along  the  planes  of  the  joints,  which  cross 
ihe  gnftiss'  perpendicular  to  the  laminations.   These  ores  occupy  a 
rery  limited  extent  of  territory  tlt/fe  miles  in  diameter)  but  as 
ihey  are  highly  auriferous  are  vigorously  mined  primarily  for  gold. 
The  concentrates  from  the  stamp  are  afterwards  treated  for  copper 
mt  as  an  accessory  to  the  metallurgy  of  the  precious  metals, 
?hey  will  bo  again  refe^ed  to^under  gold. 
Jmmons  ScF,  10th  Census >  Vol.  XIII  p. 68.  The  veins  are  described 

as  cited  above, 
lague  Jc-D,  40th  ParaW  e\  Survey  III  p. 493  The  veins  are  callad 

fissure  veins  by  Mr  Hague. 

jakes  A0  Ann.  Rep.  Col.  State  Sen.  Mines  1887  P  Oil. 
togers  ASW,  The  Mines  and  Mills  of  Gilpin  Co.  Col,  M.E.  11. -29. 

Type  16c.  Llano  Co.  Texas.   Impregnations  in  granite  and  veins 
rith  quartz  gangue  in  granite,  carrying  carbonates  above  but  sul- 
>hurets  and  tetrahedrite,  with  some  gold  and  silverAbelowe  Contact 
Leposits  between  slates  and  granite  are  also  known. 
Itreeruwitz  W*H.  Mineral  Res,  U.S.  1884  p. 342. 

Typeil?..  But^  Mont. .Veins,  orriginally  fissures  but  greatly  •• 
enlarged  by  replacement  of  the  walls  with  ore,  filled  with  copper 
tulphides,  bornite,  chalcolite  etc.  in  a  siliceous  gangue«   Some 
lilver  is  associated  with  the  copper.  At  BuA  there  is -a  north  and 
louth  valley  6  miles  wide  between  high  granite  ridges  on  the  east 
ind  lower  rhyolite  ridges  on  the  west*  In  the  middle  arrises  also 
L  conical  hill  of  rhyolite  (the  nBut*ettK  In  the  eastern  part  of  the 
'alley  is  a  very  basic  dark  granite  and  also  on  the  extreme  westo* 

In  the  part  west  and  south  west  .of  the  *Bu£ew  is  a  highly  -acidi? 
tight  colored  granite.  In  these  granites  east  and  west  of  the 
ire  the  veins.   On  the  east  in  .the  baeie  granite  'are  two  series, 
if  which  the  southern  is  the  coppe/r  bearing  .  The  northern  and  ?, 


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The  veins  wejt  -of  the  Buvbts  are  lilrftr-bearinf  and  will  t-r?  referred 
to  under  silver.  Strangely  enough  thy  lack  copper  quite  entirely, 
Th»  But to  district  is  alone  rivaled  by  the  Lake  Superior  district 
in  output^  see  table  below* 
Emmons  ,30F,  Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Butte,  Mont«M.E,  16,  49. 

a-l'QC  under  Silver., 

E,&  M.  Jour,*  Bu^r.e  Copper  Mines, April  24,  June  19,  1886. 
Peters  £„£>,., Mineral  Resources  U.S.,  1885-84,  p,374, 

»   •...".,  .  ."•*.  *. '  .' *?.«'"  v'%:  ;'£  «1 

Williams  &  Paters »  On  Butte  Montame  3  &  M.Jour..  Marft28el885 
Type  13 o  o  Keveenaw  ?r;-int>Mi'?htf  e  Native  copper  with  gome 
in  both  sedimentary  and  interatratiffftd  massive  rocks  of  the  Xew- 
eenian  System,  It  occurs  as  a  cement  binding  together  and  replacing 
the  pebbles  of  e.  porphyry  tf-ongl.  ems  rates  Oi*  Billing  th6  amygdules 
of  the  upper  surfa^o  of  the  inl;arbed<?ed  sheets  of  massive  roeks;*  01 
as  irregular  masses^  some  times  of  enr.rmous  size,  in  vein«  with  ft 
gangue  of  caleite^  epid^te  and  various  ,«eoj.it6ej  or  in  irregular"1 
masses,  along  tx,e  contact  botweon  8<*dim^j,tary  and  ifiaeslvt  rodki*' 

Tha  ro(sks  cf  the  Keweenian  System  aro  moi.it  strongly  developed  •' 
on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  especially  in  Kew&onAWQl'OiiltV' 
They  extend-  some  distance  east  and  west  and  are  also  kncwn  on  the 
north  shoro o  They  consist  of  sandstones  arid  thin  beds  of  oonglon*- 
trat  flint  ere  trat  if  led  with  sheets  of  dla'u&8ey  both  compact  and  amyg- 
daloi'cf^and  of  melaphyrotf  There  are  throe  principal  min.  .ing  diatri- 
ots,  the  Keweenaw  Point  on  the  end  of  the  Point,  the  Portage  Lake 
in  the  middle,  and  the  Ontonagon  at  tho  western  baas,  mines  have 
also  been  worked  on  Isle  Royale  and  ccppor  is  found  In  small  anwifc* 
nts  en  the  north  shore 6  The  Portage  Lalto  is  now  the  prineipalf  if 
not  the  only  producer*  In  the  first  tiarned  district  the  minei  ejre'  on 
original  fissures  which  have  later  become  much  enlarged  by  the 
alteration  of  the  walls  *  They  are  Dually  from  1*  to  3J  broad  but* 
may  reach  10'  to  20'  and  30%  this  latter  in  the  looeer  textured  ' 
rooks.  These  expansions  are  also  richest  in  copper,  The  veins 
stand  nearly  vertical  and  oross  the  beds  at  right  angles*  They  were 
the  earliest  disvovered  and  the  first  to  be  extensively  worked; • 

In  the  Portage  Lake  diatrioi;  th«  mines  are  either  in  eonglomer* 
ate  (Calumet  and  Heclar  Tamarack,  1'eninsular,  eto)  or  in  amygdaloi* 
dal,  strongly  altered  diabase,  certain  very  scoriaoeous  beds  of  - 
which  are  known  as  the  ash  beds  (Quincey,  Franklin,  Atlantic  etc,-). 

In  the  conglomerates  the  copper  has  replaced  the  finer  fragments 
so-, as  to  appear  like  a  cement  and  often  the  boulders  themselves t  ' 
or  particular  minerals  in  them  so  that  they  are  permeated  with 
eopperv  The  amygdaloids  have  copper-  in  their  small  oavities,  but 
in  the  open  or  shattered  rock  it-  fills  all  manner  of  irregular 
cavities, of ten  in  fragments  of  groat  size.  It  is  associated  with' 
calcite,  the  zeolites' (of  great  beauty;,  epidote  and  chlorite  (the 
last  containing  Fe,^)*  in  the  Ontonagon  district  the  copper  follows 
planes,  approximately  parallel  to  the  bedding  of  the  sandstones  and 
massive  rocks,  and  in  one  case  at  least  (the  National  Mine)  along1 


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the  contact  between  the  two.  The  copper  i a  quite  irregular  in  itn 
distribution  but  has  the  same  associates  that  are  mentioned  abcye<, 
In  thier  practical  bearing  the  mines-  are  classed  as  Mass  .Mines, 
Amygdaloid  Mines  and  Conglomerate  Mines. 

On  the  Origin  of  the  Copper. 

The  original  source  of  the  copper  was  thought  by  the  earlier 
investigators  to  be  in  the  eruptive  rooks  themselves  and  that  r;ith 
them  it  came  in  some  form  to  the  surface  to  be  subsequently  concen- 
trated in  the  cavities,  Pumpelly  has  referred  it  to  copper  sulphides 
distributed  through  the  sedimentary  rocks  as  well  as  the  massive, 
from  which  the  circulating  waters  have  leached  it  out  as  carbonate^ 
silicate  and  sulphate.  Although  the  traps  are  said  by  Irving  to 
fee  devoid  of  copper,  except  as  secondary,  it  would  be  interesting  • 
to  test  in  a  large  way  thier  basic  minerals  as  has  so  suoceeafully 
been  done 'by  Sandberger  on  other  roeks,  for  the  metal.   I  think  it 
probable  that  such  may  be  its  source*   Irving  states  that  the  coa- 
rse basic  gabbros  of  the  System  contain-  chaleopyrite,  but  they  do 
not  occur  nearthe  productive  mines.  The  electro-chemical  hypoth- 
esis of  deposition  was  earliest  advoeated(Foster  and  Whitney)  and 
on  account  of  the  electrolytic  properties  of  the  two  metals  it 
would  appear  probable,  although  the  unsatisfactory  ehai'adter  of  all 
experiments  militates  against  it.  Pumpelly  however  has  worked  out 
an  explanation  much  more  likely  to  be  the  true  one.  He  found  on 
.studying  the  mineralogical  changes  which  had  taken  place  in  the 
rocks,  that  the  alteration  had  been  very  extensive;  that  it  had 
proceeded  through  a  series  of  minerals  involving  at  one  stag*  a 
change  in  the  ircn  present  from  protoxide  to  sesquioxide,  which 
would  occasion  a  reducing  action  and  at  this  stage  the  co£pe*;  was 
deposited*  (  Ment i or£p?F  the  deposit  of  Melaconite  at  Oopper  Harbor* 
Historical  account  of  the  development  of 'the  mines,  Prehistoric 
Mining^  Views  and  See t ions* 

It  would  be  impossible  and  undesirable  to  givS  in  this  place 
any  complete  reference  to  the  literature.  'Such  bibliography- will 
be  found  in  Irvinga  Monograph,  and  in  wa:  dsworth  .  The  more  inipor-  • 
tant  papers  are  givern  below „ 

Blake  W3?9  Mass  Copper  of  L0  Sup.  Mines  eto.,M.E.  4.  110. 
Crotoer  H,  Neu.es  Jahrbu/ch  1369  p.l. 
E.&  M*Jour0  History  of  Copper  Mining  In  the  Lake  Superior 'District 

March  18th  1882,  p.  141. 

Foster  and  "Whitney  Kept  on  the  Lake  Superior  Copper  Lands  1856C 
Irving  R0D.  The  <J upper-bearing  Rocks  of  Lake  Superior  Monogr3  V» 

U,S.  Creel, Survey  Esp0  p.  419  Ree. 
Pwnpelly  R£  Ge-ol.  survey  of  Mich,  1873.  Vol.  I. 

On  the  Origin  of  the  Copper,  A»J.S,  Ill,  2,  !S8~iy8? 

243-258,  347-353  ReCo  A  later  and  fuller  paper  is  in 
ii     Pro®o  Aiasr,  Acad.   1878.  Vol.  13.  p.  233. 

M^JdU  Notes  on  the  Geol.  of  the-  Iron  and  Copper  Distp 

Lake  Superior.  Cambridge  1880* 


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the  ^granite*  Copper  is  known  elsewhere  in- sands tones, and  the  Lake 
Superior  conglomerates  (See  Type  18)  where  it  has  been  reduced  to 
the-  motaUic  s$ate  are  of  interest  in  this  connection. 

(Noty)o  There  are  numerous  other  copper  districts  in  Arizona  of 
minor  importance  or  entirlly  undeveloped,  but  the  types  above  cited 
probably  illustrate  the  occurrences  quite  fully.  Mention  should  be 
made  also  of  the  mines  £n  Iiower  Californiaaopposite  Guaymas* 
Blake  W0F.  The  Copper  Deposits  of  Copper  Basin  Arizona,  M.E«  %3^.479 
E.£  Mo  Jour,  Arizona  Copper  &  Copper  Mines  Aug.  13  1881  p,  103 

The  Clifton  Copper  Mine-s  Arizona.  Peb  21.  1880  p.  133. 
„    •  The  Globe  Dist.   ApriJ  9  1881  p. 248. 
Henrieh  C0  The  Copper  Ore  Qaposits  near  Morenci  Arizona  E,  &  M.jour. 

March  26   1887.  p. 435. 
T«£$paiA9  'Occurrences  of  Gold  and  Silver  in  Oxidized  Copper  Ores 

in  Arizona,  E.&  M&  Jour.  June  16  1888 «  435 9 

Wendt  A  F0  Copper  Deposits  of-  the  Southwest.  M.E.  15-25  also  con- 
densed in  the  B,&  M0  Jour.  Peb.  5.  1887  and  in  subs.  N 
Wtalizonuflo  Santa  Rita  Mines  MemoArlof  a  Tour  in  Northern  Mexico 
page  47,   (  Historical  ). 

Type  20g0 ,  Wyoming,  Oxidized  Ores  are  found  at  the  Sunrise  Mines 
in  the  Laramie  Range  and  some  copper  has  been  produced. 

Type  20h*o  Crismon  Mammoth.  Utah.  &"*great  vein  in  dolomitic 
limestone  carrying  copper,  gold  and  silver  ores.  In  the  Tinti-e  dis- 
trict 70  miles  south  wost  of  Salt  Lake  City,  are  a  number  of  veins 
which  produce  considerable  copper  as  accessory  to  the  precious 
metals-.  The  veins  ,  or  belts  are  of  great  width  and  afford  rich 
chutes  or  chimneys  amid  much  low  grade  ore  or  gangue.  They  will 
be  referred  to  again  under  the  precious  metals. 
Hunt ley  DCB.  10th  Census  Vol.  13  p.  456. 
Hollister  OaJc  Gold  and  Silver  Mining  in  Utah.  MSE.  16  p  10. 

!Sype  21,<,  Copper  Ores*;;in  Triassic  Sandstone.  Oxidized  ores 
native  'copper  and  chalcocite  in  contact  deposits  in  Triassic  sand- 
stones at  their  junction  with  diabase  or  gneiss  or  as  disseminated 
masses  replacing,  organic  remains.  Copper  ores  are  very  common 
throughout  the  estuary  Triassic  rocks  of  the  Atlantic  coast  and 
although  formerly  muen  mined  are  now  proved  valueless,  and  only  of 
scientific  interest, 

Type  21a0o  Contact  deposits  in  sandstone  at  its  junction  with 
diabase o   These  include  the  New  Jersey  ores  vigorously  worked 
before  the  Revolution.  They  consist  of  the  carbonates,  cuprite 
and  native  copper  disseminated  through  the.  sandstone  near  the  trap, 

The  Sehuyler  Mines  near  Arlington  N0J.  and  numerous  other  open- 
ings near  New  Brunswick  are  the  best  known.   These  Triassic  diaba- 
ses often  show  chalcopyrite  and  it  is  probable  that  the  copper  eame 
from  this  or  from  copper  in  the-  augite  of  the  rock  rin  accordance 
with  Sandbergers  investigations. 

Typs  21boo  Contact  deposits  in  sandstone  at  the  junction  with 
gncie:-:t'  A  number  of  deposits  were  formerly  worked  of  this  character, 


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Whitney. J.D.  On  the  31a«k  oxide  of  Copper  L.  superior  Proc.  Boston 

Society  of  Natural  History  Jan  -1849  p.  10". 
,,    Metallic  Wealth  U.S.  p. 245  Rec*  • 
Whi*tl«8«y  C.  On -the  Electrical  Deposition  A.A.A.S.  24.60. 
Wright  C.E.  and  Lawton  C.D.  Mineral  Statistics  of  Mich.  Annual*' 

Type  19..  St.  Genevieve  Mo..  Beds  of  chalcopyrite  associated 
with  chert  in  magneaiah  limestone  of  the  Lower  Silurian  System. 
There  are  two  beds  at  St.  Genevieve,  of  widths  varying  between  3" 
and  several  feet  .  They  lie  between  chert  seams  and  are  associated 
with  clay  and  sand.  The  limestone  containing  the  ore  bodies  is  the 
2nd  Magnesian  of  the  Mo.  geologists.  The  ore  is  thought  by  Nichol- 
son to  have  been  deposited  by  doloraitization  etc..  as  have  the  lead 
and  zinc  deposits  of  south  west  Mo.  and  as  is  described  under  Type 
25. 

Nicholson  P. A  Review  of  the  St.  Genevieve  Copper  Dist.  M.E.  10.444. 
Shumard  B.F.  Observations  on  the  Geology  of  the  Co.  of  St.  Genevi- 
eve Mo,  Trans.  St. Louis  Ac ad.  Sci.  Vol.  I  p. 40$$ Abstract 
in  A.J.S.  II.  29.  126. 

Type  20.  Arizona.  Ore  bodies  of  oxidized  Copper  ores,  in  Car- 
boniferous limestones  associated  with  eruptive  rocks.   In  addition 
to  these  which  are  the  most  important,  veins  in  eruptive  rocks  or 
in  sandstones  or  ore  bodies  of  still  different  character  as  set 
forth  tinder  the  different  subtypes.  {  The  following  descriptions 
come  chiefly  from  Wendt,  I.e.)  The  Copper  districts  are  nearly  all 
in  the  south  eastern  part  of  the  state,  online  Black  Range  being 
about  the  o enter. 

Type  20a..  Clifton.  The  Clifton  District  lies  in  a  basin  6-10 
railes  across,  whose  high  surrounding  hills  consist  of  Carbonifer- 
cus  limestone,  renting  on  sandstone  and  this  on  granite.   In  the 
b^sin  is  a  great  eruptive  mass  of  porphyry  often  with  immense 
inclusions  of  limestone.  Pelsite  dikes  are  abundant.  There  is  also 
an  outflow  of  late  trachyte.  Prom  this  it  appears  that  oruptive 
phenomena  are  very  abundant.   .: 

l.Ores  in  limestone.  Veins  of  irregular  eharatter,  probably 
originating  along  fissures  (?)  but  afterwards  djfsolved  out  into 
irregular  cavities, (  Longfellow)  or  else  along  the  contact  between 
intrusive  dikes  and  limestone  (Detroit).  The  ore  is  a  copper  bear- 
ing wad  running  as  high  as  20  f>  Cu.   in  quantity.  Great  bodies  of 
clay  are  also  present  in  close  association  with  the  ore.  These 
deposits  seem  to  be  quite  analogous  to  those  at  Leadville.  (Type32) 

2.. ores  in  porphyry.  Narrow  stringers  in  porphyry  above,  join- 
ing to  a  single  vein  below  (  Metcalf )  or  a  fissure  vein  in  a  large 
porphyry  dike  (Coronado)  .  Chalcocite  is  the  principal  ore  running 
into  chalcopyrite  below. 

3.. Ores  in  Granite.  Chalcoeite  in  fissure  veins.  These  are  lass 
developed.  Tho  ore  bodies  in  limestone,  here  as  elsewhere  in  Ari- 
zona are  the  most  productive. 

Type  20b.  Bisbce  Dist.   Oxidized  ores  deposited  along  the  bsd  - 


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and  Joints  of  Carboniferous  limestone  which  has  been 
placed  or  dissolved  nut  to  form  great  oavities,  so  that  the  ore 
•''lee  appear  at  times  to  be-  eave  fillings.  Eruptive  porphyry  is 
ondant  in  the  neighborhood.1  Wendt  thinks  that  the  ores  have  been 
posited  directly  as  oxidized  ores,  not  having,  been  sulphur  con*.  , 
unds  ever  in  situ,  The  Copper  Queen  is  the  principal  mine, 
tier  deposits  chiefly  chalcopjrfcgat*-.  above  and  chalcopyrite  below 
B  known  in  the  porphyry  but  not  worked,  (cf.  20a). 
'Type  20&.  Globe  dist.  1,  ..Oxidized  ores  deposited  in  Carbonifer- 
3  limestone  along  or  very  near  its  contact  with  eruptive  diorite, 
i  with  trachyte  near.  (Globe  Mine). 

2,,  Fissure  veins  in  sandstone  containing  arsenical  and  antimo- 
al  copper  ores  (  Old  Dominion  Mine). 

SooFissure  voins  in  talcose  slate  and  gneiss  filled  by  a  quartz 
tigue  containing  carbonate  ores.(N.Y»  <fe  Chicago  Mines). 

4*c  Numerous  small  veinlets  forming  a  stockwerk  in  gneiss  near 
dike  of  diorite.  A  dike  of  trachyte  is  also  near.  (Black  Copper 
oup  too  low  grade  for  profitable  working). 

5.,  Beds  of  Chrusocolla  just  below  the  surface  in  the  superfi- 
al  debris  or  wash.  They  appear  to  have  been  deposited  by  the 
rface  drainage  from  the  stockwerk  up  the  hill.  (Cf  .  also  Type  la 
i  Ib.K 

Type  20d.,  Santa  Rita  Dist.  1..  Native  copper  below,  charging  to 
prite  above,  disseminated  in  pellets  in  an  eruptive  felaite  (Sf  , 
pe  19.  Lake 


2..  Contact  deposits  of  oxidized  ores  along  the  contact  of  the 
Isite  and  the  neighboring  limestone, 

Type  20e»  Black  Range  Dist,.  Contact  deposits  of  oxidized  ores 
ove,  descending  into  sulphides  below,  in  slates  along  their  oozv* 
ct  with  a  dike  of  porphyrite  and  running  into  it.  Carboniferous 
meet  ones  arc  near,  and  are  pierced  by  numerous  great  dikes  of. 
eenstone,  but  afford  no  ores,  The  principal  ndnss  of  the  district 
e  the  Hampton  and  Eureka, 

All  the  Arizona  deposits  except  the  chrysocfclla  (Type  20e,5) 
e-  referred  by  V/endt  to  fissure  veins,  a  conception  that  it  is  • 
ten  difficult  to  form  from  his  subsequent  descriptions,  especially 
r  the  limestone  deposits.  The  invariable  association  of  eruptive 
cks  are  'significant  and  it  seems  that  these  eruptive  phenomena 
t  up  an  extraordinary  circulation  of  copper  bearing  solutions  at- 
te  subsequent  to  Carboniferous  times  (Cf  .Leadville  Type  32).-  - 
would  appear  as  if  the  contact  deposits  may  be  more  or  less 
f  erred  to  an  origin  by  replacement. 

Type  20f  ,  Copper  Basin,  Beds  of  ^osely  textured  conglomerate 

sandstone  resting  on  granite  and  gniess,  with  a  c*unient  of 
pper  carbonates.  The  granites  are  greatly  decomposed  and  it  is 
ought  by  Blake  that  the  copper  has  leached  out  from  these  as   ^ 
Iphats  and  been  deposited  then  in  the  sedimentary  beds  as  oarbon- 
ea  Many  small  veinlets  and  pellets  of  copper  ore  are  found  in 


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'specially  at  Bristol  Conn*  (Chalcocite  in  fine  crystals)  and  at 
:he  Perkiomen  Mine  Perm..  The  ores  were  both  oxidized  and  sulphi- 
te s  and  in  both  these  places  were  associated  with  barite.  -Other 
related-veins  contain  lead  (See  Type  22a  (3)  under  lead) , 
Beck  LeTC.  Notice  of  the  Native  Copper,  Ores  of  Copper  etc*  near 
New  Brunswick  New  Jersey.  A.J.S.  I.  36  107, 

3ook  O.K.  Geology. of  N,  J.  18§8  P.675.  Also  L.C.Beck  218-224, 
Shaeffer  C6A.  Native  Silver  in  N.J.  Copper  Ore.  E,&  H.J.?eb<>8£  p.,^ 

Silliman  B.  &  Whitney  J.D.  Notice  of  the  Geol«  Position  and  charac- 
ter of  the  Copper  Mine  at  Bristol  Conn.  A. J.S-I1.20,  36.L 
Whitney  J,D,  Metalic  .Wealth.  Rec. 

Type  21c,.  Chalcocite  and  copper  carbonates,  replacing  vegetable 
remains  etc.,  in  the  Yriassic  sandstones  of  Texas,  New  Mexico  and 
[Italic  At  various  places  in  the  abova  states  (Abiquiu  N6M,  Silver 
Reef , Utah)  the  sandstones  a*  reported  by  Newbarry,  and  others  have 
disseminated  through  them  copper  ores  deposited  on  fossij.s  and.  at 
times  with  associated  silver(Utah) .  The.  copper  whether  coming 
from  the  waters  along  the  shore  line,  or  from  subterranean  currents 
was  precipitated  by  the  organic  matter  (See  also  under  Silver). 

These  deposits  are  not  yet  sources  of  copper,, 
3azin  ?.M8F<.  The  Origin  of  Copper  and  Silver  Ores  in  Triassic  3<?.nd 

'Rock.  E  &  M.Jour.  Dec. 111*880  p. 381.  April  30  &$8Q0 
E.&  M.Jour*  The  Nacemiento  Copper  Deposits. Aug. 22  1885.  |M24, 
Jackson, A, W,  Rep't  of  Director  of  the  Mint.  1880  p,384. 
Newberry^ JaSP  Copper  in  Utah  Triassic  Sandstones  E.&  M.Jour.  Vol 

XXXI  p. 5.  Also  Oct. 23,  '80  p. 269   Jan. 1*1881  p. 4  See  also 
10th  Census,  Vol. XIII,  Precious  Metals  pp.  40  &  478. 
Rolker,  C.  M,  The  Silver  Sandstone  Dist.  of  Utah  M.E0  9e  21 . 
RothwelXjRoP.  Quoted  in  10th  Census^ol.XIII  p. 478. 
Silliman  B.  The  Mineral  Regions  of  Southern  New  Mexico  M,E,  16.427* 

Copper  Production  in  Tons. 


Atlantic  Coast 
Lake  Superior* 
Missouri 

&  N.M, 


1850 

78 
57AO 


1860 
1800 
5300 


1870 


10900 


Montana. 

3aliforniaa 

Wyoming.  (  1882.  50.   1883.481  )  fc 

Dther  Sources 

Cotal  UdS0Sh.tons6500   7100    12500 

•*    Long  tons* 
Cotal  Europe 
)ther  Foreign  Bounces. 


1880 

22200 
115 

63 

33  899 
234 


30375 
27000 
59370 
68405 


11393 
1250 
39  350 

800 


82.937 
74.053 
76.258 
75326 


1887 

100 
37.735, 

H. 
9001 


18SS 


2 


12  18 


80,768 
79  o  244 
64300 


1 

.  •"• 


• 


att  F  8*10*30* 

.a/toT  rrl   noJ:  ^  ^f* 

OSSX  SI          OfiSX 


.  •   56 

Lead  Series.  Pb»    S» 

Pb-  S.  86  9  6   1304 

-Pb£>  GO/^  77*5 


Pb  Cl^  7693 

Eart.hy  mixtures  of  these  last  arid  limonite. 

Type  22  c  Atlantic  Border,  Veins  of  galena,  in  the  Archaean  of 
the  States  along  the  Atlantic  border;  also  others  in  the  Palaeozoic 
as  described  in  the  subtypes  „ 

Type  ?.£ac  Veins  in  gneiss  and  crystal-line  limestone,  sometimes 
with  s.  bat-it  e  or  calcite  gangue  .  These  deposits  were  vigorously 
exploited  forty  years  ago  or  more  but  have  since  been  of  small 
importance  other  than  sclent  if  ic»  They  may  be  best  described  by 
districts  as  they  hardly  deserve  greater  prominence. 

1,  ,St8  Lawren-je  Co*  N8Y,   veins  v;ith  galena  in  a  gangue  of  oal- 
cite  in  Archaean  gneiss.  Those  near  Rossie  are  perhaps  best  known 
especially  for  their  unusually  inter-  esting  calcite  crystals. 
There  are  numbers  of  veins  in  the  district  which  are  notable  in 
thai  the  gailon**.  is  without  zinc  or  iron  associates.   It  carries  a 
very  formal!  amount  of  silver,  not  enough  to  separate/'  Hornblende 
and  mica  schists  occur  in  the  samfl  region  and  the  Potsdam  sandstone 
is  not  far  removed, 

Becko/JiC*  Mineralogy  of  New  York. 

Emmons.E,,  Geology  of  the  Second  Dist,  New  York  Geol.  Survey. 

Whitney  JoD*  Metallic  Wealth,  Rec  , 

2,  «  MasSo  Conn9  and  Eastern  Nev;  York*  Veins  of  galena  with  more 
or  lar.r,  chaloopyrite  and  pyrite  in  a  quartz  gangue  in  gneiss, 
slatfsij  limestone  and  mica  schist  p   The  mines  near  Northampton  were 
forrwr'.Ly  well  known  although  never*  producing  a  great  deal  of  metalf 
but  fix  this  is  a  large  prominent  vein  it  attracted  attention^ 
Th^re  are  numerous  others  in  the  same  regiona  Also  in  Conn,  at 
Middle4.  ..  m  where  much  silver  is  said  to  have  been  found  in  the 
galena.  More  recently   (circa  1873)  at  Nevfbur  yport  Mass,  argentif- 
erous galena  ac'iracted  attention  but  was  not  of  any  importance. 
Other  v<?5.,is  are  known  at  Lubeck  in  Me,  and  various  parts  of  N.H. 
and  Tfco,,  Por  a  while  small  lodes  in  the  slates  in  Columbia  Co.  were 
unsuccasafu.Uy  exploited  and  the  Ancram  Mine  is  of  historic  inter-* 
est.c  A  i  though  those  galena  veins  are  numerous  they  must  not  be  .  ' 
taken,  too  a  eri  easily.,  J 

Sf  S,E0  penn.  Veins  on  the  contact  of  Archaean  gneiss  and  Tri«- 
assio  ^ttad<rcono  and  diabase  »   These  were  referred  to  under  copper 

Type;  Ilb'o  Ay  acrced  by  Whitney  the  copper  is  especially  strong 
in  ths  .-•jo^dstc/;^  and  the  lead  in  the  gneiss.   Trap  dikes  are  abun- 
d«iJ.T,  and  the  eruptive  phemomena  in  connection  with  them  doubtless 
occa--  u\i:«:d  .he  activity  of  circulation  vrhich  filled  the  veins. 
^rieatip  s&in«  is  the  best  knoifn,  affording  a  great  variety  of 

especially  pyrornorphite,  They  have  not  been  worked 


-- 


. 


. 


lo 


• 


ffl  -: 


tri*  Jit* 


* 

: 


to 


toJ« 

, 

^3  1 


oY  ir»lf  ^a  tic/* 
a  *fi 


reif 


j, 

| 


f  t 


-'-.  .    •       '  "i,:  !•'     .'-'..1  (  ••- 


36 

4»«  Davids  o*  Or,  No'Go  veins  In  t?.lcose  slate,  Pomarly  exploited 

tu\  r:    -  -:.;.'•  known  except  as  having  furnished  beautiful  crystals 
Of  oxidized  lead,  niiriei-als. 

ueologisal  'Reports  of  the  Various  States  „• 

I.*y  CvA,  Kouice  of  "he  Ancrara  Lead  Mines  «  A0J,S,  I0  8,   £47  <> 
Nash  Aa  'Notice  of  -the  Load  Mines  and  Veins  in  Hampshire  CO/f'Massv 


Richards  #,M...  The  ^e-^bu?  yport  Silver  MineSp  M,E0  3* 

Whitney^  Metallic  Wealth  U03,  ^ 

T.rce  ?.2a.  SuJ.ivan  and.  Ulster  Cc^s,  N0Y0  Veins  along  a  line  of 
di  G;.>.i  a  •;«:£»  nt  on  the  contact  between  the  Hudson  River  Slates  and. 
earidi:  tcr^s  bf  the  Medina  Stage  f  Shawangunk  (Jrit)  carrying  galena 
&nd.  sruil.ccpyrite  in  a  quartz  gangue,  or  else  gach  veins  filled  with 
the  *arrv».  in  the  Grit:   These  mines  formerly  produced  considerable  „ 
Ifead  avid  Copper  but  are  now  best  known  for  the  excellent  quartz 
prys  \-als  which  they  have  £pM&4ipA4  tc  all  the  mineralogical  c  Glides 
tions  ci  then  lando 
"iVhitnery  J,D8  Metallic  Wealth  and  the  NaY»  State  ReportSo 

Typ'-  22  se  Eonne1  Terr?  Mo,  Galore,  accompanied  by  niokeliferous 
pyritc\  Disseminated  through  bod-3  of  the  Third  or  Lower  Magnesian 

•ic^tone  (Lower  Silurian  System?  of  the  Mo,  geologistBo  The  mines  , 
are  at  Bonneterre,  Mine  ia  hlot  ;.c  2nd  Dne  Run  2&  miles  west  of  the 
Mise  o  River  and  40  to  100  miles  south  of  St.  Louis*   The  strata  lie 
almost,  horizontal  and  are  known  to  carry  lead  through  over  200f  in 
thickness.  The  rich  places  fade  out  into  barren  rock  and  appear 
to  be  IcK'.al  enrichments  of  the  limestone  ,  of  which  the  galena  fo»ms 
an  integral  part  t.  l-Jo  zinc  whatever  occurs  with  the  lead  and  the  -4 
silver  ccn{,er-o  are  very  small  3   At.  Mine  la  Motte  some  copper  is  ; 
fomi'i  and  much  jr.c-re  ;\ickal  and  o  ob:.2  t;  including  siejjenite,  a  vari* 
etj  of  .«  riir:,4ieite,  vrh.luji  impregnates  a  sandstone  supposed  to  be 
Potsdam*   -Vi.!  the  ere  bodies  aro  crorfjed  by  small  fa^ilts  near  which 
they  are  invariably  barren*   Knobs  of  Archaean  granite  and  diabasd 
tjikos  -.*rop  nut-  rjear  th<=>  Kiiiies  both  at  Mine  la  Motte  and  Doe  Run*  * 

T:ic  ere  is  thcraght  by  the  writer  to  have  been  deposited  together 
wioh  *hr  ".Lriestone^,  probably  by  decaying  vegetable  tissues  (Of  •  •**• 
"Typ-  2,4  ^  on  the  bottom  of  the  Lo¥,'er  Silurian  Sea, 

ir>3.3S?.?led  by  Whitney  for  other  but  totally  different  deposits* 

jCh*  whcle  region  of  Lower  Silurian  rocks,  over  nearly  '3000  sq« 
rrii  ,:«3  contains;  lead.   These  disjr-^rr.inated  deposits  are  in  no  way  to 
be  cor  -fuse'd  with  ths  gash  veins  >  with  ^hich  thoy  have  nothing  in 
convr.cri  The;/  ar«  now  large  producer  s  of  lead  and  the  only  mines 
wcri-.vd  ir.  the  u\S,;  for  lead  alon*  t   Except,  at  Mine-  la  Motte  lead   •  .• 

Lac  obtained  fron  this  regi-.  ii,  previously  to  1865  from  small 
gat,  -.  vf?in£  ?  ihs  th;^.^  of  Type  2-4.  iut  the  v/orkings  were  never  com- 
nci/isurcice-  -with  th«  ^reuc-i.t  disseminated  >.ines  .  Historical  descrip*- 

t  i  071  •>"•'*'•  •      •  'x' 

3roa:3hdad-G'.;Ca    ihe   .Southeastern  Mo,    Lead  Dist,    MsEo    5.    1000 


•          . 


.-,••»  ;;,-R»  on  the  Occurrence  of  Lead  Ores  in  Mo.  M.E.  3.  116. 

l?gi:'a:<.  Survey  of  Mo,  1873-74  pp.  30  and  603.          f       ^ 
Kemp  j**-o  N<-te-3  on  the  Ore  Deposits  etc,  in  S.E.Mo.  S,  of  M. 

3;;iarterlyo  Oct.  1887,  Rec* 

Several  othar  papers  have  been  published  on  the-  metallurgical  trea-  > 
tr.^.nt  and  ore  dressing  in  the  M.E.  or  Quarterly. 
%  lm.8817  Colorado  produced- much  more  lead  than  any  other  State, 
Utah  second,  Idaho  third.  Missouri  fourth*and  Montana  fifth. 

Lead  Production  (  Short  tonsK 
1850,  1860.  1870,  1875.  1880,  1885,  1887,  1889. 
Atlantic  C,aste  250 

Mi,3t%?iv-:r  List,   17700,  5000 

S-,£-oMi?30vri  17000       21600      [34000 

B«W9 Missouri  8687  } 

Utah  27159  228S8''  22000 

Nevada  10659  3500  3400  1500 

Colorado  74815  70000 

New  Mexj.cc  8000 

Montar.&  '  v      8779  )     _^ 

Idaho  ~Ar'      20000J30000* 

Californja  *  Arizona  800   1500 

Dakota  1000 

Elsewhere  31000 

England  5740*  56900  37600 

Germany          13000  28000  55000  69900  88800  92400 

Spain 

Other  Countries 

Tot s3.  U,SC  160700  190000 

Total  Foreign  ^ 

Cf ,  Mineral  Resources  U.S.  1385  &  1887.  The  U/  S.  produces  more 
lead  -than  any  other  single  country.   Of  the  product  in  1887  84.3  X 
came  from  lead- silver  ores.  The  figures  for  1889  are  from  the 
!•&  M.  Jour,  Jana  4th  1890 

LEAD  AND  ZINC. 

Type  24. .Upper  Miss,  Valley  Gash  Veins.   Gash  veins,  or  fis- 
sures "  irited  to  a  single  limestone  formation  (the  Galena  of  the 
Trentcr.  -jtage)  containing  galena,  zinc  -blende  and  pyrite  (MarcasiteJ 
with  tfaleite  and  residual  clay.  The  deposits  are  found  in  S0W9Wis« 
fo30la&  and  NaWsIll.,  and  similar  deposits  but  of  earlier  geolog- 
ical  age  were  formerly  wrought  in  S.E.Mo..  The  Galena  limestone 
reaches  a  thickness  of  200 '  of  which  the  middle  100 '  is  the  portion 
richest  in  leado  The  ore  occurs  in  limited  fissures  supposed  by 
Whitney  to  have  been  formed  by  the  drying  and  consolidation  of  the 
limestone,  i,e,  to  be  joints,  but  since  refe^d  by  Chamberlain  to 
gentle  oscillations  of  the  rocks  and  to  the  summits  of  anticlines 
and  the  bottoms  of  synclines>  The  cavities  have  been  enlarged  by 
water  and  are  often  partlyifilled  by  residual  clay*  The  ores  also 


*•'<•-• 


to 


/ 


-t  l 


*fQ    &d£    i 
1      ,£eO    o.^iie*'*.. 
«»ed  evjsri  a*? 


M    .. 


^ 


* 


t  to    t 

•ff 


,W\2  « 

*ieJtl*jiia  to 


to 

' 


;  •;  • 


:.1A 


l  •X$rxJ:a 


»S,8    Iti    M^tfO^fW    T<  ^ 

'OCS  ^.o  ««•., 

it;  ^o   a»ro  erft     «I>*»I 

tfc  «<1*  X«?  J>«onot  rsaao 


bite 


to 


to 


38 

occur  in  horizontal  cavities  along  the  bedding  planes.  Chamberlain 
makes  eleven  different  kinds  of  openings,  but  tha'«  is  an  over-re* 
finement.  They  form  stalactites  or  wall-coatings  or  scattered 
lumps  on  the  floor".  J.D.vnitney  argued  that  the  galena  of  these 
deposits  was  precipitated  from  oceanic  solution  by  the  sulphuretted 
gases  arising  from  decaying  organic  matter  and  in  this  way  were 
deposited  either  directly  in  the  cavities  or  sparsely  throujifeout 
the  limestone  and  later  segregated.  Chamberlain  has  traced"V  "' 
series  of  Silurian  oceanic  currents  with  something  of  a  Sargasso 
Sea  in  the  lead  region  which  precipitated  the  lead  etc.  in  depres- 
sions of  the  bottom  and  later  it  was  buried  in  the  rocks  and 
leached  into  the  cavities  and  precipitated  by  sulphurous  exhala- 
tions from  lower  bituminous  strata. 

Chamberlain  T.C.  Wis.  tfeol. Survey.  Vol.  IV  p. 367.  1882  Rec. 
Daniels  E.  Vfis.  Rep.  1854, 
E.&  M. Jour.  The  Lead  Region  of  Wis.  July  5.13.20.27.  Aug.  3.10.24 

Oct.  5,  1S78. 

Litton.A.  2nd.  Annual  Rep.  Mo.  Gool.  Survey  1854. 
Owen  D.D.  U.S.  Senate  Documents  1844. 
Percival  J.G";  Wis.  Report..  1856. 
Shaw  J.  111.  Oeol.  Survey  Vol,  II,  p,,  '40.  1873. 
Strong  M,  Wis.  Grol.  Survey  .Vol.  II- 1  p.  689.  1877. 
White  C.A,  la.  Geol.  Survey.  Vol.  Ill  p. 339.  1370. 
Whitney  J.D.  Metallic  Wealth  p.  403.  1856 

,,     la.  Geol.  Report  Vol.  1$).  ,£22.  1858, 

„    Wis  Oeol.  Survey  1861*65  Vol, I  p. 221.  Rec. 

//    111*  0eof.  Survey  Vol.  I.  p.  153  1856. 

Type  25.  South  west  Mo..  Galena,  2ine  blende  and  pyrite  with 
their  oxidized  products  associated  with  chert^  residual  clay, calotte 
and  asphejt  in  cavities  of  irregular  shape  in  Subcarboniferous 
strata.  The  ores  occur  principally  in  Jasper  and  Newton  Co,s  Ho* 
and  to  a  less  degree  in  the  adjoining  portions  of  Ark*  and  Kansas. 
Joplin  and  dranby  Mo.  are  the  chief  centers.   The  ore  bodies  are 
limited  to  about  150*  of  interbedded  chert  and  limestone  and  an 
intermediate  rock  called  by  Schmidt  silico-calcite.  The  ores  cemeftt 
together  fragments  of  these  into  a  sort  of  breccia ,  and  are  also 
found  in  cavities  between  the  large  fragments,  the  whole  mass 
appearing  as  if  shattered  or  rendered  cellular  by  some  process  pre- 
viously to  the  ore  "deposition.    A  Schmidt,  and  A  Leonhard  explairi& 
them  in  a  very  able  way  by  the  well  known  theory  of*dolomitization* 
(  see  also  under  Natural  Gas).  Schmidt  traces  six  periods  in  the 
history  of  the  deposits.  1.. Period  of  rock  formation.  2. .Period 
of  consolidation  with  formation  of  joints.  3., Period  of  dolomit- 
ization  fr/ofe  the  joints  outward,  of  shrinkage  and  of  ore  deposition 
as  sulphides.  4.. Period  of  solution  and  removal  of  caloite  from 
certain  strata  and  Continued  deposition  of  ores.  5.. Introduction 
of  quartz  and  alteration  of  blende  to  oalamine.  6.. Period  of  oxt- 


«*?  >x 


jfotaegi^cHf  ni  "ftfoao 

itrfM 


I    ff*>S<Y4<3 

I3*«jflet  titrt  4xi 


I  . 

f»    ^Aftli  .i^qti- 


• 

39****?    fr  JT.  •;.-' 


o 


It    UftV   , 


, 


:r  .nwol,n  * 

•* 

+4.aoa 


i^fi 
«wai  .0*"  ^  ,  '  ' 

,?tc,l^  .££d   ,<|     -fl    ,XoV. 
,MII<i,Mt*f  <:av  . 


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uo*  an 


39 

dation  of  sulphides.  (  Views  and  Sections),  The  newly  reorganized 
Mo.  Geol.  Survey  is  now  devoting  attention  to  this  region, 

T*otev  Other  lead  deposits  are  krkown  in  central  Mo.  generally 
resembling  the  above  quite  strongly  but  of  less  economic  importance 
Some  however  are  described  by  Schmidt  as  con  ,cal  stockwerks. 
Clerc.F.L.  Zinc  in  the  U.S,  Mineral  fte«,  1882.  p. 368.  JE.&  M.  Jv.urt 

Sep.  8.   1883  p. 148. 

M     Study  of  the  S,W.  Mo.  Deposits  •  E.&'M.  Jour.  June 
Ing.  &  toin.  Jour.  Nov.  3.  1888  p. 369,  Plan  of  the  Granby  Mine. 

Also  March  8.  1890  p?  286. 
Haworth  E.  A  Contribution  to  the  Geology  of  the  Lead  and  Zinc 

S   Mining  Dist.  of  Cherokee  Co.  Kan.  Oskaloosa  la,  1834* 
Raymond  R.W»Note  on  the  Zinc  Dep.  of  Southern  Mo.M.E.  8»  165,  E.& 

M.  Jour.   Oct.  4.  1879. 

Schmidt  A.  and  Leonhard  A.  Mo.  Geol.  Survey.  1874.  fJ  384,Reo« 
Schmidt  A.  Die  Blei-und  Zink  Erlagerstatten  von  Sudwest  Missouri, 

Heidelberg  1876.  Rec. 
Seamon  W,H,  Zinciferous  Clays  of  S.W.Mo,  etc.  A.J.S.  Ill  39-38, 

Note.  Both  the  mines  of  Type  25  and  those  of  Type  24  were  orig>- 
inally  worked  for  lead,  and  the  zinc  minerals  were  regarded  as  a 
nuisance;  of  late  years  the  zinc  has  been  rather  more  of  an  object 
than  the  lead.  The  deposits  in  south  west  Va.  (Type  28)  also  pro- 
duce lead  but  are  best  known  for  zinc. 

ZINC  SERIES. 

Zn   S    #e   SiO  Mn 

Sphalerite  (Cownonly  called  Blende)  ZnS.   67   33 
Zinc  its  ZnO     803 

Pranklinite    (Pe  Zn  Mn)  0  (Pe  Mn,.)  0*    55.4      51.8    •  735 
WilXomite      2ZnO.SiO^  58.5          27.1 

Calamine       2ZnO .  S i 0^  H^O .  54.2          25.0 

SS»lthsonit«    ZnOCO^  51.9 

Clare  F.L.  Zinc  in  the  U.S.  Mln.  Res,  1882,  p. 358. 
Type  24 .Upper  Miss.  Valley  Gash  Veins.  See  p»  37  under  Lead. 
Type  25.S.W.  Mo.   See  p.  38  under  Lead, 

Type  26.  Sauco»  Valley  Pa.  Zinc  blende  and  its  oxidation 
products,  calamine  and  smithsonite  filling  innumerable  cracks  and 
fissures  in  a  disturbed  magnesian  limestone  thought  to  belong  to 
the  Chazy  Stage.  The  ore  bodies  occur  in  the  Saucon  Valley,  near 
the  town  of  Priedensville  about  four  miles  from  Bethlehem  Penn.  * 
The  limestone  has  apparently  been  shattered  by  the  elevation  of 
the  neighboring  South  Mth,  and  in  the  cavities  thus  formed  along 
an  anticline  the  zinc  ores  were  deposited.  The  ore  follows  the 
bedding  planes  and  the  Joints  normal  to  these  throughout  a  zone 
varying  from  10'  to  40f,  The  oxidized  ores  were  near  the  surface 
the  blende  below.  The  blende  is  a  peculiar  variety  that  resembles 
a  greenish  flint.  A  little  pyrite  occurred  with  it.  The  mines  were 


&    * 

:'     .;;.'-'?-'     - 


, 


*qp?*&  IM* 

•  .      -    v*.-:      ••-' 


'        • 


.  - 

tf  *»<**» 


'* 


it*  t 
NTItf   »l  '>*    I 


'  *  •.  .• 


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f  I 


;fl.    Wt 


..,.,... 


,  •' 


rfl**^ 

* 


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t 

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40 

very  wet<,  Although  strong  producers  from  1853  to  1875,  since  the 
latter  date  the  mines  have  been  but  little  Vorked.  The  ore  is 

thought  by  Drinker  to  have  ^een  concentrated  in  the  cavities  from 

a  disssrcin-atQd  -condition  in  the  frimestonei 

Clerr,  rj?«Ls,  Win.  Resources*   1882,   361.  Rec, 

Driniiar  H030  On  the  Mines  and  Works  of  the  Lehigh  Zinc  Co.  14«E<>1«67A 

Hail  0,Sain  Kept*  D3a  2nd  Gecl.  Survey,  Penn»  p*239» 

Type  27*  sSftvirginia.  Veins  or  beds  of  oxidized  ores  probably 
Changing  to  blends  below  in  crystalline  limestone  or  dolomite  Just 
abo\e  the  Calciferous  but  as  yet  not  sharply  determined^  The.ore*- 
bearing  terrace  is  known  over  a  considerable  extent  of  country, 
running  from  near  Roanoke  west  100  miles,  The  largest  mines  are  in 
Wythe  Co*  to  the  west  and  ethers  of  great  promise  have  lately  been 
opened  near  Roanoke „  According  to  Boyd  thefre  e-^^j  are  at  one  place 
486*  of  strata  impregnated  with  lead  and  zinc  in  varying  amounts* 
The  ore  bodies  are  at  times  of  great  size  (  40'  wide)  and  are  asso- 
ciated with  more  or  less  of  lead  minerals  and  iron  pyrites. 

The  descriptions  thus  far  published  do  not  give  a  very  definite 
idea  of  the  character  of  the  ore-  bod$edoubtless  because  it  is 
Itself  irregular  but  it  would  appear  as  if  the  region  must  beooMi 
An  important  producer  of  zinc* 
Boyd.C.R.  Resources  of  S.W.  Va.  p. 71. 

/'     Mineral  Wealth  S.W,  ya.  M,E.5*$1.  •    ;.  ;• 
if     Mineral  Resources  S.W,  Xa,'  M.S.  8*  540,  R*c« 
Dewey  F.P.  Note  on  the  Balling  Cliff  Zinc  Mine.  l*.E.  10.  111. 

Type  280  Franklin  and  Sterling  N.J.  A  bed  consisting  of 
frankiinite,  -willemite,  zincite  etc.1  in  Galcite,  in  Archaean  crys- 
talline limestone,  analogous  to  the  Magnetic-  beds  of  Type  13 , 
At  Franklin  Furnace  and  Sterling,  towns  about  "5  miles  apart  In 
Korthwestern  N»Ja  is  found  an  extended  belt  of  crystalline  lime- 
stone and  in  it  these  two  unique  beds.  At  Franfclin  the  ore  body  is 
three  quarters  of  a  mile  long  and  bends  around^an  S  shaped  synell* 
nal  two  of  whose  sides  are  folded  together  and  that  has  afterwards 
been  tilted*  Trap  dikes  intersect  it,.  The  bed  varies  somewhat  but 
consists  essentially  of  crystals  of  franklinite  (approximating  O 
andooo)  thickly  set  in  a  matrix  of  zincite,  w^llemite  and  calclte» 

In  the  same  lime  stone  magnetite  lenses  have  also  been  found.  . 
At  Sterling  there  are  two  beds  outcroj^ng  on  a  hillside  with  a 
depression  in  the  country  rock  between  them  from  which  a  great 
quantity  of  ealawizie  was  formerly  extracted.  (Views  and  Sections)* 
Fhe  ores  are  also  an  important  source  of  manganese. 
These  deposits  are  entirely  unique  and  a  hard  problem  *s  regards 
origino  On  the  analogy  of  magnetite  they  may  have  been  a  zine 
manganese  bog  ore  bed  which  mas  later  metamorphosed  to  the  present 
minerals. 
Alge^F.On  the  Zinc  Mines  of  Franklin  Sussex  Co,  N.J»  A. J.S.I  48  ffift. 


,-  > .       -       -       •    ? .  •: 


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Credner  H.  OR  the  Yraiftllnit*  Bads  B.fc'H.Zeit .1866  29,  and  1871  369. 

Geology  of  Hew  Jersey.'  1868 (with  a  map)  and  subsequent  annual  Rept» 
Vanuxem  &  Keating  On  the  Geol,  6s  Mineralogy  of  Franklin  Sussex  Co. 

N.J..Phila.  Acad.  Sci.  Vol.  II  p.  277. 

Note*  Blende  is  known  in  numerous  places  in  the  Rooky  Mtns.  and  is 
often  argentiferous  but  it  is  not  as  yet  profitably  smelted  for 
and  is  a  drawback  to  the  load  .silver  processes. 


New  Jersey 
Virginia 


ZINO  PRODUCTION. 

1850  1870  1875  1880   1885   1887 
25000  13500  28300  38500  7440 


1888 


19400  22270 

13100  20600 
23000 

129700  130990 

79600  8137« 

23700  23100 

40680  503340 


Missouri  -Kansas 

long  tons   1000  22000 

Rhine  Distl4700  45700  49900  98800 
Germany  {  Silas  ia)    28600  644 

Other  Countries  21500 

Total  U0S,  15800  23200 

Total  Foreign  206800  256200  254800 

Tho  American  "estimate  is  in  short  tons,  the  others  in  long  tons* 
The  production  of  the  U.S.  in  1839  ia  estimated  at  59500. 

Much  of  the  N.J.  oro  ia  employed  to  make  zinc  -oxide  for  paint, 
hence  the  discrepancy  in  the  totals,  they  being  metallic  zinc,  for 
the  manufacture  of  which  but  a  small  proportion  of  the  N.4»  oro  is 
employed. 


26633 

133215 

83375 

23752 

55912 

267005 


AND  SILVER. 

There  are  two  general  methods  of  extracting  silver  from  its 
ores;  the  one,  indirectly  by  smelting  with  and  for  lead;  the  other 
by  amalgamation,  ohlorination  or  some  such  process.  Hence  under 
•liver  there  are  two  classes  of  mines,  lead-silver,  being  one;  high 
grade  silver  ores  the  other*  Both  have  almost  always  varying 
•mounts  of  gold*  The  lead-silver  mines  furnish  also  as  noted  above 
by  far  the  greater  portion  of  the  lead  produced  in  the  tJ*Sv 

Ores  adapted  to  lead-silver  metallurgical  treatment  form  in 
general  the  oxidized  alteration  products  of  the  upper  parts,  (above 
permanent  water  level)  of  deposits  of  galena  and  pyrites.  They  may 
be  well  marked  fissuro  veins,  chimneys,  chambers  ,  or  contact  de- 
posit *»  Ores  which  of  themselves  are  adapted  to  other  processes 
are  often  worked  in  with  the  lead  ores. 

Utah  Lrjftd  Silver.  Map  of  Utah  shown  and  geography  &  general  geol- 
ogy -ut  lined. 

A*M<C 

Type  29,  Bingham^Big  and  Little  Cottonwood  Canons  Utah. 
Bedded  vains  often  of  great  size,  containing  oxidized  lead  silver 
ores  above,  and  galena  and  pyrites  below  the  water  level,  in  Car- 
boniferous limestones,  or  underlying  quartzite  or  on  the  contact 


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42 

between  the  two*  The  mines  are  situated  in  the  Oquirrh  and  Wasatch 
Mtns.,  south  vest  and  south  east  of  Salt  Lake  City  in  canons  well 
up  towards  the  summits.  The  region  is  much  disturbed  and  there  a$e 
great  faults  and  porphyry  dikes  and  knobs  of  granite  associated 
with  the  sedimentary  rocks*  The  ores  oceur  in  belts  extending  con- 
siderable distaneees  and  these  In  places  have  the  rith  chutes  or 
chimneys  of  oxidized  products.  In  Bingham  Canon  an  immense  bed  of 
auriferous  quartz  is  found  overlying  the  lead  zone  and  next  the 
hanging.  Some  peculiarity  about  the  gold  prevents  its  esay  treat- 
ment* Other  fissute*  veins  in  the  massive  rock  of  the  region  are 
known  but  are  of  less  importance*   (  Historical  mention  of  their 
discovery  and  development;  the  Old  Telegraph  droup,  the  Emma,  etc.) 

Type  29a.  Tooele  Co.  Bedded  veins  in  limestone  or  between  it 
and  quartzite  containing  lead-silver  ores  with  ochres^ in  rich 
chutes*  The  deposits  .occur  ftn  the  west  side  of  the  Oquirrh  znQge 
Ophir  and  Dry  Canonqfover  the  divide  from  Bingham*  The  principal 
mine  is  the  Honor ine.  Fissure  veins  also  occur  in  the  region  but 
are  of  less  importance* 

Blake  W«P*  Brief  Description  of  the  Emma  Mine,  A. J.S.  III. 2.  216. 
E*&  M.  Jour,  ^Little  Cottonwood  ft  Bingham^  Utah  Aug. 14.  1880.  p.106 
Hollister. O.J.  Gold  and  Silver  Mining  in  Utah-M.E.16.  3.  Rec  •*-*•«••' 
Huntley.D.B.  10th.  Census  Vol.  13.  p. 407, 
Lavagnino*.  Q..  The  Old  Telegraph  Kino  M.E*  16.  25* 
Raymond. Rtw.  M*n«  Resources  West  of  the  Rocky  Mtns.  1368? 76.  and 

Brown  J*R.  do.   1867.  69. 
Reports  of-  the  Director  of  the  Hint.  Annual, 

Silliman  B.  Oeol,  and  Mineral*  Hotes  on  come  Mining  Dist.  of  Utah 
A. J.S*  III,  3*  195. 

Type  29b.  Tintic  Diet*  Ore' fcoda  or  belts, three  in  number,  and 
one  to  three  miles  tttig,  parallel  with  the*st ratification  of  ver- 
tical blue  limestones,  but  sometimes  running  across  them*  The  ore 
bearing  zone  ie  300 f -600*  wide  in  at  least  one  belt  and  bears  in 
places  rich  chutes  of  carbonate  ore*  Tha  Grismftn  Mairoioth  has  been 
referred  to  under  copper  (Type  &0h)  as  it  contains  much  copper. 
The  oro  ie  thought  by  Hollister  to  have  replaced  limestone.  •,«**-»•• 
Huntley  D.  B.as  above.  s^lso  Hollister  O.J.  as  above* 
Newberry  J.S.  E.&  M.  Jour.  Sep.  13  &  20  1879* 

Note*  Mention  should  also  fee  made  of  fceadfcilver ores  in  Summit  Co. 
at  the  Crescent  and  other  mines* 

Type  30.  Hemsilver  Mine  Utah*  A  contact  fissure  between  lime- 
stone and  rhyolite  containing  at  the  Homsilver  Mine  a*chimney*of 
lead-silver  ores  with  considerable  barite  in  the  gangue.  This  con- 
tact fissure  is  known  for  two  or  three  Miles  but  has  been  proved 
of  value  alone  at  the  above  mine*  Here  the  walls  have  pinched 
twice  in  going  down  making  three  ore  bodiea*  Considerable  arsenic 
and  less  antimony  are  found  in  the  ore,  and  some  rtibr  silver. 
Hollister  O.J.  As  above. 
Hooker  W.A.  Report  quoted  in  10th  Census  Vol.  13*  p.   464. 


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45 

Type  30a»  Carbonate  Mine  Utah,  yissuro  vein;  in  hornblendo- 
andesite  filled  with  pebbles  from  the  walls,  cemented  by  clay  and 
galena,  oxidized  near  the  surface.  The  mine  is  but  two  and  a  half 
miles  from  the  Horns ilver  and  has  been  cited  by  Ne\rberry  as  an 
instance  of  two  veins  of  different  character  in  the  same  country 
rock.  But  the  microscope  shows  that  the  walls  of  one  are'  rhyolite 
of  the  other  hornblende-andesite.  (Of  Type  37a). 
Literature  as  above , 

Type  30b.  The  Cave  Mine.  Caves  in  limestone  conneeftted  by  small 
ore  charie"lsnand  more  or  less  filled  with  deposits  of  limonite  and 
oxidizedAlead  ore.  (  Compare  Kimball  J.P.  On  the  Silver  Mines  of 
Santa  lulalia  Ohi^huahua,  A»J,S0  11.49.  161 

Literature  as  above, 

Note  .The  larger  portion  of  the  Utah  Mines  are  for  load-silver  but 
two  others  of  great  importance  remain.',  to  be  mentioned  under 
silver  itself.  See  Typo  41a,  &  Type  41b. 

Nevada^  Lead  Silver.  Map  shown  and  geography  and  geology  .  Mr.:t 
outlined. 

Type  31.  Eureka  Nev,,  Bodice  of  oxidized  lead-silvor  ores  in 
greatly  faulted  and  fractured  Cambriah  limestone  with  great  out- 
breaks of  eruptive  rock  near.  The  ores  occur  along  a  zone  which 
was  e rushed  by  the  movement  of  tho  faulted  rocks  on  each  aide. 

the  limestone  is  filled  with  fissures  along  which  the  ore  bearijip 
solutions  have  come  and  replaced  the  limestone  in  large  irregular  ** 
bodies.  Cavlties'^oteur  between  the  ore  and  the  roof  which  resemble 
eaves.  A  considerable  section  of  the  Palaeozoic  rotrks  5«s  exposed 
at  Eureka  and  very  investing  comparative  studies  have  been  made 
with  parallel  series  In  the  east (Geology  explained  at  length). 

J.S.Curtis  considers  tho  ores  to  have  boen  probably  derived  at 
great  depth  from  the  neighboring  quartz-porphyry (rhyolite)  and  that 
they  have  replaced  the  limestone  as  sulphides*  Subsequent  elevation 
above  the  water  level  caused  their  oxidation  and  shrinkage  leaving 
cavities  above  them.  JyS.Nowberry  has  argued  that  they  are  cave 
deposits  like  the  Cave  Mine{Typo  30b).   (  Historieal  mention  of  the 
great  Eureka  Richmond  cont rovers ey). 

Backer  3.P,  10th  Census  Vol.  ,XIIJ  p.  32.  Reet  •  j 

Blake  W.P.The  Ore  Deposits  of  the  EurekaaDist.E.Nov,  M.E.  6.  554. 
Curtis.J.S.  Silver  Lead  Deposits  of  Bureka  Nev.  MonographVirotJ$QS. 
Hague  jA,Geel.  of  the  Euroka  Dist.  Unpub.  Monograph. U.S.fi>S. 

Abstract  in  3rd  Annual  Report  Director  U.S.G.S. 
Koines  W.S.  Eureka  Lode  of  Eureka  Nev.  M0rf.  6.  344. 
Newberry  J.S.  S.  of  Ma  Quarterly,  March  1880. 
Raymond  R»W.  The  Eureka-Richmond  Case  M.  E.  6.  371. 
•     .  * 

Type  32.  Leadville  Col. .« -Bodies  of  oxidized  lead-silvor  eres  • 
passing  in  depth  into  sulphides,  deposited irt  much  faulted  Lower 
Carboniferous  limestone  in  connection  with  dikes  and  sheets  of 


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44 

porphyry*  Palaeozoic  rooks  are  exposed  at  Leadville  from  a  bottom 
quart site  through  a  series  not  too  well  determined,  to  undoubted 
blu*  "Carboniferous  limestones. (Geology  of  the  Mosquito  and  Sawateh 
range  explained)*  These  have  been  extensively  faulted  and  pierced 
by  eruptive  outbreaks  making  the  geological  structure  very  compli- 
cated* Along  the  contact  between  the  porphyry  and  the  blue  lime-  . 
stono  (er  dolomite)  the  ores  have  replaced,  the  limestone  often  in 
bodies  of  great  size,  making  Leadville  by  far  the  largest  source 
of  these  ores  yet  discovered.  They  do  however  run  as  much  as  a 
hundred  feet  into  the  limestone  and  also  are  found  in  the  porphyry. 

Tho  principal  mine»  occur  on  throe  hille,  Fryer,  Carbonate  and 
Iron  Hills*  The  ores  are  chiefly  earthy  carbonate  of  lead  with 
chlorite  of  silver  in  a  clayey  or  silicious  mass  of  ,hydrated  oxides 
of  iron  and  manganese.  Somo  zinc  also  occurs  and  a  long  list  of 
rarer  minerals*  All  the  mines  produce  small  amounts  of  gold,  which 
in  one  case  (  the  Printer  Boy)  is  of  more  importance  than  the  . 
silver*  A  few  ore  bodies  are  found  at  other  horizons  than  the  Lower 
Carboniferous*   The  ores  are  attributed  by  Ernmons  to  a  replacement 
of  the  limestone  by  sulphides  when  all  wore  at  a  great  depth  (  at 
least  10000  ft. )  below  the  surface  and  before  being  elevated  to 
their  present  position*  The  ore  is  thought  to  have  been  leached 
from  the  eruptive,  porphyries  and  deposited  by  descending  solutions, 
A, A, Blow  (l.o*)  in  a  valuable  paper  argues  against  the  descending 
curronte  and  strongly  for  an  ascent  of  mineral  solutions  from  below. 

(Historical  account  of  the  discoveries)* 
Azaolung  P.M.  The  Geology  of  the  Leadville  Ore  Dist.  Z.&  M.J.  April 

10.  1880.  p.  25,  On  the  Origin  of  the  Ore  do.  Dee. 20  1579 
Blow. A. A,  Tho  Geology  and  Ore  Deposit  ef  Iron  Hill  Leadville  Col*. 

M.S.  June  1389. 

ii     Annual  Kept.  Col.  Sch.  of  Minos.  1887  i*p.  62, 
Emmona  S.J.  Geology  and  Mining  Industry  of  Leadville  Monograph  12 

U.S.G.S. 
^./Annual  Kept  .of  Director  «f  U.S.G.S.  Ree* 

10th  Census  Vol.  XIII.  p.  76. 

X.&  M.Jeur.  Origin  of  the  Leadville  Deposits.  May  12  1888, p.  33\. 
/'     On  the  Evening  Star  Mine  May  7.  81.  p. 361*  Leadville 
,,     Geology  June  3410  82.  Historical  May  80.  Apr.69  13.  20. 

27.  1878.  Also  many  other  allusions  1879-80-81. 

Preeland  P.T.  The  Sulphides  Dep.  of  S»Iron  Hill.  Leadville  ftUS»l*4U 
Henrlch  C.  The  Character  of  the  Leadville  Ore  Deposit*  X.&  M.J. 

Dec.  -27.  1879.  p.  470 

Raymond  R.W.  Kept,  on  the  Little  Pittsburs  Mine  E.&. M.J.  June  28.79 
Rieketts  L.D.  The  Ores  of  Leadville  .  Princeton.  1883. 
Relker  G.ll.  Notes  efl  Leadville  Ore  Deposits  M.E.  14.  273.  &  949. 
Vinton  P.L.  Leadville  &  the  Iron  Mine.B,&  M.J. Feb. 15.  79.  p.  llOu  , 

Type  32a.  Aspen  Col..  Bodies  of  load-silvor  ores  largely  oxi- 
diaed,  occurring  with  much  barite  along  the  contact  of  the  blue   \ 


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portion  of  the  same.  Aspen  is  west  of  Leadville  on  the  other  side 
of  the  granitic  continental  divide  and  the  ere  occurs  in  the  samo  . 
bolt  of  limestone  separated  only  by  the  uphe^ral  of  the  Sawatch. 
T^e  or3  lies  on  the  sides  of  a  faulted  synclinal  fold.  The  rocks 
are  much  disturbed  and  associated  with  both  granite  and  porphyry 
erupt  ions*  The  lower  portion  of  the  limestone"  strata  appears  to 
have  been  dolom-itized  to  a  rusty  brown  dolomite,  while  the  upper 
is  a  very  pure  calcium  carbonate.  Along  the  contact  between  the 
two  and  more  or  less  in  cross  fractures  are  found  the  ores*  They 
are  known  over  a  stretch  of  several  miles,  north  an4  south,  but 
the  principal  ores  are  on  both  sides  of  the  valley  of  the  Roaring 
Pork  near  Aspen*  Other  deposits  are  known  in  the  underlying  quart- 
zites,   (Geological  Sections,  Views,  and  history)* 
Bruntcn  D.W« ^spen  Mtn.  Its  Ores  and  Mode  of  Occurrence.  E.&  M.J. 

•  July  14.  &  21.  1888.  pp.22  &  42. 
Emmons  SeP.  Proc.  of  the  Col.  S^i.  Soe. 
Hanrioh  C.  Notes  on  the  Geology  and  on  some  of  the  Mines  of  Aspen 

Mtn.  M.E.  17.  156. 
Lakes  A.  Geol.  of  the  Aspen  Mining  Region.  Ann.  Kept.  Col.  Sen* 

Mines.  1886. 
Newberry  W.C.  Notes  on  the  Geol.  of  the  Aspen  Mining  Dist.  M.E. 

June  1889.  Rec. 
Si'ver  L.D.  The  Geology  of  the  Aspen  Col*  Ore  Deposits.  E.&  M.  J. 

March  17  &  24.   1888. 

Type  32b.  Ten  Mile  Col.  Bodies  of  argentiferous  galena,  pyrite 
and  blende,  in  thin  beds  of  Upper  Carboniferous  limestone  on  th&ir 
contact  with  overlying  micaceous  sandstones  or  with  sheets  and 
dikes  of  porphyry.  Ten  Mile  is  nortfc  of  Leadville  and  at  a  hihfcer 
altitude  and  in  a  region  enormously  disturbed  and  pierced  even^more 
than  Leadville  by  sheets  and  dikes  of  porphyry.  The  ores  are  far 
loss  oxidized  than  at  Leadville  and  also  more  rebellious.  The 
Robinson  is  the  principal  mine. 

Type  32c,  The  Eagle  River  Mines  ne$»  Rod  Cliff  Eagle  Co.  may  be 
mentioned  here*  They  contain  galena  and  its  alteration  products 
in  Carboniferous  limestone  on  the  contact  between  it  and  quartzite 
or  porphyry.  Lying  lowefc  than  the  lead  silver  deposits  and  in 
Cambrian  quartzite  on  the  contact  with  an  overlying  sandstone  are 
found  chutes  carrying  gold  in  talcose  clay.  The  Monarch  Mine  in 
Chaffee  Co»  south  of  Lradville  deserves  mention  in  this  connection 
producing  lead  silver  ores  from  limestone*  Small  deposits  of  lead 
silver  ores  have  also  been  worked  in  tho  San  Juan  dietrict  in  con-- 
nection  with  the  high  grade  silver  ores  (See  Type  Sd)» 
Emmons  S.F,  Tenth  Census  Vol.  XIII  p.  73.  Also  forthcoming  Mono- 
graph of  U»S.  Geological  Survey* 

Olcott  E.S.   Battle  Mtn«  Mining  District.  Eagle  Co.  Col.  X  &  M. 
nj  Jvne  11.  1887.   pp.  417  &  436. 


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Type  32«v  Kelley  Lode*  N*M.  A  deposit  of  oxidised  lead  ore*  with 

some  blende,  oale.TNo£etc»  along  the  contact  between  slates  and  porp- 
hyry a  The  ore  body  is  In  the  Magdalen*  Mtns.  30  miles  woaV  of  •' 
Soeorro  and  'has  supplied  the  smelter  located  there*  The  ore  Is  low 
in  silver.  In  the  Lake  vallfiy  turther  south  In  Dona  Ana  County  are 
found  other  deposits  of  oxidized  lead  ore*  along  the  bedding  planes 
of  limestones  apparently  of  Subcarbemiferous  age*  Similar  ores  are 
found  on  the  west  side  of  the  Miembres  Mtns*  In  Ctrant  Co., 
Report  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint*  1882  p.  376* 
Silliman  B.  The  Mineral  Region*  of  N.M.  M,B.  10*  424* 


Type  $3*  Wlek**r  Mont  ana*  Veins  carrying  galena,  blonde,  and 
copper  and  iron  pyrites  in  a  quarts  gangue  on  the  contact  between 
granite  and  eruption*  of  liparlto  which  penetrate  It*  The  district 
is  near  Helena  and  the  ore  is  made  available  by  the  introduction  \ 
of  concentration.  Other  deposits  near  Qleniale  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state  produtfoja  large  quantity  of  base  bullion.       * 
The  Hoola  Mines  are  a  aeries  of  ore  bodi*s  containing  "galena 
blende,  copper  and  iron  pyrites,  and  their  oxidation  product**  a* 
different  horizon*  on  the  stratification  planes  of  a  blue  gray 
limestone*' 

Bmmons-  S-,?,  10th  Cexteus  Vol.  XXIX*  p*.97t 
JCemp  R.H.The  Gregory  i»dc»  H.&  M«J*  May  8*  1380*  p*  316. 
Lindgron  V«  Min*  Heso«roe»  tf«S«  1383-84,  p* 


Type  33a«  Black  Rill*-  f  •  Dak*  Although  geographically  rc*wwc4X 
from- the  above  the  lead  silver  deposit*  of  the  Black  Kill*  arc    > 

mentioned  here*  Deposits  of  galena  In  larboniferoix*  limestones 
associated  with  porphyry  dike*  and  cfceet*  arc  known  In  the  northern 
portion  of  the  Kill*  near  Carbonate  and  Palena*  Various  attempts 
never  very  successful  have  been  made  to  smelt  them* 
Carpenter  F«B*  Prelim*  Rep.  on  the  Geol*  etc.  of  the  Slack  Hill* 

Dak*  Seh.  of  Mines.  Rapid  City     1888*     p. 124* 
H  Ore  Dcp*  of  the  Black  Hills*  M.S*  17*     570. 

Eiroions  S.p.   10th  Census  Vol.  XIII  p*91r 

Type  34*  Weed  River  Idaho.  Bodice  of  argentiferous  galena  and 
It*  oxidized  product*  irregularly  distributed  in  limestone, 
The  country  1*  formed  by  limestones  slate*  and  granite  and  bears 
other  silver  ore*  of  different  character*  A  load  smelting  plant 
has  been  recently  established  at  Ketchum* 
Becker  Q.F.  10th  Census  Vol.  XXII  p. 55. 
£.&  M,  Journal  July  2nd  1887*  £.  2. 
Rept.  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint.  (  Bqrchard)  1882*  p*  198. 

Type  34a.  Coeur  d'Alene  Idaho*  Galena  and  its  oxidized  prcducie 
In  a  mineralized  zone  having  a  well  marked  quartzite  footwall  and 
a  brcceiated  impregnated  hanging;  the  ore  being  in  large  chute* 
and  filling  smaller  fissure*  in  the  fractured  roof  *  The  mince  are 
in  Milo  Creek  Canon  ifc  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains,  northern  Idaho* 


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Tne  roeks  are  quartzite  and  thin  beds  of  sehist  much  folded  along 
eadt  and  west  axes*  In  this  way  they  beeame  faulted  and  shattered 
and  ±n  the  principal  mineralized  belt  afford  an  opportunity  for  th 
deposit  of  the  lead  ores*  The  mines  are  very  important  and  supply 
large  asew  smelters  in  Mont*  and  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Clayton  J*B.  The  Coeur  dcAlene  Silver-Lead  Mines 9E6&  M.J.Feb  11 

•1888  p.  108. 

No-fte,   Other  smaller  lea^d  silver  districts  are  known  in  Arizona 
and  Calo  and  elsewhere  in  the  States  referred  to  above,  but  they 
are  not  commenrsurate  with  those  mentioned. 

SILVER  SERIES-  GOLD* 

The  two  "precious"  metals  are  so  generally  associated  togethe: 
that  they  cannot  be  separately  treated*  While  endeavoring  to  pre- 
serve the*  distinctive  impression  giveir  by  types  it  is  practicably 
impossible  to  embrace  all  the  widely  varying  phenomena  of  the 
silver-gold  veins  of  the  west  in  any  other  than  an  approximate  way 
Hence  geographical  considerations  are  placed  fir,Bt  and  where  mark- 
edly similar  ore  bodies  in  different  States  are  grouped  together, 
cross  references  are  giveir •* 

SILVER  MINERALS  a 

Ag   S    As   Sb   Cl 

Wrr.Tive  Silver  100 

Argent ite  (Silver  Glance)  Ag.S  87 vl  12 o 9 

f:  ca>;tite  (light  ruby  Silver |3Ac  S  As  S^  65o5  19 ,4  15.1 
Pyrargerite.(dark  "   *  fr".  )$Ag^S;SbJL5  5  59V8  1T.7      22,5 
Stephanite  (Brittle  Silver )5Ag,,  S ) So,  ?,     68*5  16V2      15,3 
Cerargerite  ( Horns ilver)  Ag  pi  75.3  24,7 

Also  with  galena  (Of,  Lead),  with  Tetrahedrite,  (Cf.Copper). 
Gold  occurs  combined  with  tellurium  in  a  few  raee  tellurides; 
mechanically  mingled  with  pyrites,  and  as  the  uncombined  native 
metal *    The  ores  of  the  precious  metals  are  divided  into  two 
classes  from  a  metallurgical  point  of  viev.  1st.  those  whose. 
amount  of  precious  metal  amalgamates  readily  with  mercury  and  is 
thus  obtained  with  comparative  ease.  The  Free  Milling  Ores* 

2nd*  those  which  require  roasting,  or  some  previous  treatment. 
before  amalgamation,  chlorination  or  similar  treatment  or  must  be 
smelted  primarily  for  lead  or  copper  from  which  the  precious  metal 
is  afterward  extracted,  the  Rebellious  Ores* 
Annual  Reports  of  the  Director  of  the  U0S.  Minto  Rec0 
Blake  W*P.  The  Various  Forms  in  which  Gold  occurs  in  flatfcre.  Kept 

of  the  Dtr,  Mint.    1884.  p0  573.  Rec, 
^rown,  Raymond  and  others.  1868  to  1876, Annual* 
?  Lock  A«G.  Gold.  1882. 

^Mineral  Resource*  West  of 'the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Mineral  Resources  of  the  U«S.  Publication  of  the  tool  Survey* 
Phillips  JcA.  ore  Oopotit*.  IBtt.fb*  Minim  ant  Motallurfy  of 

Gold  and  Silver  JL**7.       •»< 
10th  Census  Report  on  the  Precious  Metals. 


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Type  22a*  Atlantic  Border.Already  mw*tionedf  (p3y).  Only  of 
historical  interest  although  lately  some  attention  has  been  direc- 
ted to  Sullivan  Me«  The  veins  have  pyrite  and  probably  stephanite 
in  a  quartz  gangue  in  slates  associated  with  granite  knobs  and  trap 
dikes  of  later  age  than  the  veins.  '  Some  silver  is  generally  found^ 
In  the  galena  of  the  eastern  States*  <•' 

Kempt  on  C.W-,  Sketches  of  the  New  Mining  Dist.  at  Sullivan  Me.MJ?.1 

7.  349. 

Wadsworth  M-.E,  Theories  of  Ore  Deposit  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  N-.H.  1884 
PV205.  E.&  M.J.May  17.  84.  Bull.  Mus.  Oomp.  3Vol.  VII9181 

Type  35.  Silver  Islet.  Lake  Superior.  A  vein  carrying  native 
silver,  argentite  tetrahedrite,  galena,  blende  and  some  nickel  and 
cobalt  compounds  in  a  ganguo  of  ealcite,  in  flags  and  shales  «l..the 
Animikie  or  Huronian  Systems,  and  cutting  an  iuoiHure  diorite  dike, 
within  which  alone  is  the  vein  productive.  Although  Justbover  the 
nationals boundary  the  Silver  Islet  vein  is  mentioned  as  it  v/as  own* 
ed  in  the*  U.S..  The  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior  contains  numerous 
argentiferous'  veins  althouhg  none  have  proved  as  productive  as  this 
one.  It  is  a  striking  illustration  of  the  influence  of  the  v/all 
rock  on  the  contents  of  the  vein.  The  Islet  was  only  a  rock  less 
than  90 f  square  and  the  difficulties  of  mining  were  very  great « 
Over  $3,000 vOOO* in  Silver  wero  taken  out* 
Bell  R.  E.&  M.  Jour.'  Jan  8  &  15,  1387,  The  Silver  Mines  of  Thunder 

Bay  L.S.  See  also  Ifay  14 *  1887. 

Courtis  W»M.  On  Silver  Islet.E.ft  U.  Jour, Bee. 21. 78.  and  M.E.5n474> 
Geology  of  Canada*  1863.  717. 
Lowe  F.A,  The  Silver  Islet  Mine  and  Its  Present  Development  E3A  II. 

Journal  Dec,  16th.  1882  p. 321. 
Mac  Far  lane  T /Silver  Islet.  U.K.  8.  226 

•  Canadian  Naturalist  Vol.  IVY  p.  37. 
McDermott  B.&  M.  J.  Vol.  23*  Ko'e  4  *  5.  . 

The  Region  of  the  Rooky  Mtna.  «rta  ^ihe  Black  Hills (VIII) 

Type  36.  New  Mexico.  Geology  of  the  ter»i1&ry  explained  at 
length.  The  chain  of  the  Rooky  Mtns*  trends  across  it  from  south 
to  north.  In  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  tex&tory  is 

Type  36a.  Grant  Co.  whose  lead  silver  deposits  have  already  been 
referred  to. (Type  32c).  North  of  Silver  City  are  quartz  veins  with 
gold  and  silver  in  diabase  end  quartz -porphyry;  and  again  west  of 
Silver  City  are  ferruginous  deposits  with  chlorides  and  sulphides 
of  silver  iji  limestone.  In  the  Burro  Mtns,  are  th«  silver  ores  in  * 
limestones'  apparently  of  the  Lower  Silurian  System.  The  Santa  Rita 
Mountains  contain  as  well  ae  eopper  (See  T3fpe  20d)  silver  and  gold 
in  quartz  veins  in  eruptive  rocks. 

The  mines  of  Dona  Ana  County  have  been  deferred  to  (Typo  32c)» 
In  Lincoln  Co,  Gold  Ores  are  reported  from  the  White  Oak  Dist,  • 
The  principal  mines  of  Socorro  Co.  have  been  mentioned  (Type  32a)' 


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49 

and  the  copper  in  Parrrrian  sandstone  under  Type  21c,  There  are 
otiasr  &ilv^r  bearing  lodes  in  the  -Socorro  M^ns<>  near  the  tr.vm  of 
the*  sa&e  na^e,  H^tirich  has  described  (3,»e<»')'a  curious  £.'3i:-:sit  of* 
quart  ii  aai*ry:lr.&  fold  and  silver  (the  Slayback  lode)  on  ths  cent  act  • 
betvssn  clvlar  lidded  eruptions-  and  a  later  silieio<js  dik*  in  "he 
^  Mo  go}.  Ion  ite&e<>  In  Santa  Pe  Co,  are  '«".+  :,,  important  plaser  Minoa 
*4A«c  Typa  4^)  ai-*a  thin  veins  of  galena  in  rhyolite*   lv  Bertmlillo 
Coo  ai:r,  i-thfcr  placers  on  the  elopes  of  the  Sandia  Mtii^o  £rt  C 
Coo  in  tha  Aosiiiy  Mtnsa  are  other  placers  and  reported  geld  and 
silver  winefe*  These  notes  are  mostly  taken  from  '.l.^:  Vol.  XIII 
of  th*  -jOi'n  GsnciiSo' 

Blaks  -W^&olA  in  New  Max,  Proc*  Bost.Soc*  Nat^Hist.VII,, July^So^ld* 
*  Observations  on  the  Geol,-  eta.  near  Simta  Pe  A.A,,A.S«1859«. 
Henrioh  0,  The  Slaybaok  Lode  N0M.  Ea&  M.Je  July  13 s  1839 a  p«27. 
Owen  H,B.&  -Cox  2dT«  Kept,  on  the  Mines  of  N,M,  Wash,  18&5« 
Report  of  the  Dire«tor  of  the  Mint.  1882.  p.  339. 
SilHman  3«  Mineral  Resources  of  Southern  N.M.  U,2«  10.424*  1  &  II* 

Jour,  Oot*14  &  21  1882,  pp.199  &  212. 

»  >  .  * 

Type  3?0  Colorado.  Geology  of  the  State  explained  at  length*  • 
Prairies  on  the  eaet,  mountains  and  parks  in  the  middle,  plateau 
on  the  vcsto  San  Juan  Region,  Portions  of  several  counties  in  the 
•outh  western*  part  of  the  state.  The  ehain  of  the  San  Juan  Mtns. 
•oasists  of  great  suoo-ossive  outflows  of'  eruptive  rocks,  porphyry, 
diabase,  dioritt,  basalt  oto.  which  .cover  up  the  Archaean  and  later 
•edimontary  terranee  exoopt  in  a  few  scattered  exposures « 
Considerable  raasrea  of  rooks  formed  of  fragmental  ejoot amenta  are 
also  Kn'wru  Ail  thsae  are  arossod  by  .iiwmcwse  vertical  veins  large-* 
ly  vith  qiu*r*t«  gar/gu«,  and  cortAining  tirfijonfciferous  rainsra.ls  of  • 
the  ««««/  L£wi*&t  gftltna,  tetrahedrite,  pyrargerite  and  native 
•ilv*?7  ins  *;irtll  «?a  bismouth  compounds,,-  Gtold  has  been  quite  subor- 
dinate, a'j.tho^h  so^tio  late  developments  near  Ouray  have  shown  souje 
s.ni  -i-ntcrestirig  deposits,  RaO«HJ.lls  in  the  Proc9  Golo  Sei* 

1883  tran?«d  three  systems  of  veins*  1st ...  Silver  bearing, 
narrow(6'f  to  $*•;>  nearly  vertical,  veins  with  base  metal  ores  and  no. 
Ml^af^i  2nd  liarg*,  strong  gold  bearing  voins,  dipping  60°  vithr-  . 
•elvagos  and  intersecting  (1)«  3rd  Like  J^  but  larger  and  more  • 
part intent  and  oucasionally  carrying  bismuth  and  antimcnial  ores 
and  gold  with  little  or  no  silver.  T,BaOomatoqk  (tt«Xe  15.  218)  has 
classified  the  veins  in  three  radiating  systems*  1st. the  northwest 
with  tetrahedrite  (freibergite),  2nd.  the  ea?t  and  west  with  bismuth 
and  leas  often  niakel  and  molybdenw»*  3rd.  the  north-  east  with 
tellundes,  with  aittiwony  and  sulphur  compounds  of  the  preeious  •  • 
•stals.  Quite  recently  a  series  of  small  oaves  in  quartzite  over* 
laid  by  bituminious  shales^ear  Ouray  have  been  found  to  contain 
native  gold  and  have  excited  great  interest.  They  are  thought  by 
Bndlich  to  be  in  the  place  of  shale  inclusions  now  dissolved  away, 
and  that  then  the  gold  was  precipitated  on  the  walls.  Placer  Gold 


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Mines  (Type  47)  are  quite  extensively  worked  in  San  Miguel  Co« 
Silverton  and  Ouray  are  the  principal  townsc/rtJe  Srwt.  Ju.,*.-*. . 
Comstock  ToB.-  The  Geology  and  Vein  Structure 'of  S.W.Col,  MJS,  15* 
218»  Also  ll'»  165»and  E  &  M.J. numerous  papers  running 
through  1885.  SL(p/ 

*-  Hot  Spring  Formation  in  the  Red  Mtns.Bist.Col.etc* M,E,,17/i 
Emmons  SeP.  On  the  San  Juan  Dist  E.&  M.Jour  June  9.  1883, p, 332, 
(/   ,,   Structural  Relations  of  Ore  Deposits  M.E.  16.  804. 
f,    ,-,  •  10th  Census*  Vol.  13.  p. 60.  Rec. 

Xndlich.JVM.  The  Origin  of  the  Gold  Dep.  ne*ar  Ouray  Ool.E.A  M.Jour 
**•  .  '..».«*  4  .»0et,  19*  1889. 

X.&  M,  Jour.  Thv  San  Juan  Region.  Col.  Aug.  27  81.  p»136.  Also  Sept. 
24**81.  p. 201, July  17.  '80,  Dec.  20,  *79.  and  many  othor 

•  references'  about  1879.  1880  etc* 

Hills  RvC:  Proc.  Ool.  Sci.  Soc.  '83, On  the  San  Juan  Disti 

Ihlseng  M»C.  Review  of  tho  Mining  Interest? of'  the  San  Juan  Region. 

•  Rep.   Ool.   Stflto  Soh.   of  Minos     1885.  P.   27. 

Kedzie  GvB.  The  Bedded  Ore  Deposit  of  Red  Mtn.  Mining  District. 

•  Ouray  Oo.  Ool.  M.S.  IB.  570, 

Xoenig  G.A.  &  Stockder.M, Lustrous  Ooal  and  Native  Silver  in  a  Vein 

•  in  Porphyry  Outay  Oo,  Ool.  M.E.9*  650, 

Schwarz  T>Ed  Tho  Ore  Dep.  of  Red  Mtn,  Ouray  Oo.  Ool,  M.E9  1339, 
Van  Diest  P»H.  On  San  Juan  Dist.  Proo.  Ool*  Soi.  Boo.  Jan.  1886. 

The  Gunnison  Region.  This  lies  on  tho  western  elope  of  tho 
oontinontal  divide  and  embraces  both  mountains  and  plateau. 
Wtst  of  the  main  and  older  range  are  the  later  Elk  M't'ns  in  which 
••voral  mining  districts  aro  located.  Aspen  has  already  been  men- 
tioned and  the  long  series  of  ore  bodies  in  the  Carboniferous  lime- 
stones. The  other  principal  districts  are  Independence,  Ruby, 
Gothic,  Pitkin  and  Tin  Cup.  The  ores  at  Independence  are  sulphides 
with  silver  in  the  Archaean.  In  the  Tin  Cup  district  the  Gold  Cup 
mine  is  in  a  black  Itoe stone  and  contains  argentiferous  eervssite 
and  copper  oxide.  In  the  Ruby  district  the  ores  are  in  the  Orota- 
eeous  rooks,  and  in  the  Forest  Queen  ero  ruby  silver  and  arsenopy- 
rite  partly  replacing  a  porphyry  Aike.  On  Copper  Creek  near  Gothic 
a  series  of  nearly  vertical  fissures  traverse  eruptive  diorito 
roeks.  They  contain  sulphide  of  silver  and  native  silver*  The 
Sylvanite  is  one  of  the  principla.  mines.  (  These  notes  are  taken 
from  Smmons  and  Lakes  as  cited  below).  Summing  up  we  have.  Type  37b 
Gunnison  Region  (1)  veins  carryinghigh  grade  silver  ores  in  Archaa- 
an  granite.  (2)  Veins  carrying  argentiferous  lead  carbonate  in 
limestone.  (3)  High  grade  silver  ores  replacing  porphyry  dikes  in 
Cretaceous  sandstones,  (4)  Most  important  of  all  more  ol*  less 
oxidized  argentiferous  lead  ores  in  Lower  Carboniferous  limestone 
(Type  32a)txAmeluns  F.  Sheep  Mtn.  Mines  Gunnison  Co.E^HM. J^Aug.- 

<•-'  ":28  1886.  p. 149. 
Chadwick  FoM0  The  Tin  Cup  Mines.  Gunnison  Col.  E  &  M.Jour.  Jan*  1» 

1881  p.  4,  See  also(TypeSe)  for  Iron  Minos.\Type  32ajfor 

lead  silver. 


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Eagle  Co.  The  lead  silver  mines  at  Red  Cliff  have  already  been 
mentioned  (Type  32b)  and  also  the  underlying  gold  deposits.   The 
Homestake  mine  north  west  of  Leadville  over  toward  Red  Cliff  is  a 
vein  of  galena  in  granite  and  one  of  the  first  openings  made  in 
the  region. 

Mining  Industry  Denver, Jam 3.0, 1890  p,28  Battle  Mtn.Quartzite  Mines. 
Oltott  E,E.  Battle  Mtn. Mining  Dist.  Eagle  Co,  Col.X.db  M.Jour.  June 

•  11  &  18  1887.  p.  417  '436. 
Tilden  G.C.  Mining  Notes  from  Sagle  Co.  Col,  State  Soh«  of  Mines 

Ann.  Rep.  1886.  p.  129.  <• 

Suirnii*  Co.  The  Ten  Mile  District  which  is  the  principal  one  has 
been  mentioned  under  Type  32b.  The  Pride  of  the  West  Mine  on  Jac- 
qae  Mtn.  is  peculiar  being  on  a  quartz  porphyry  dike  which  is 
partly  replaced  by  ferruginous  quartz  and  barite.  Lake  Co«  con- 
taining LeadvillQ  has  been  treated  under  Type  32.  Mention  should 
also  be  made  ofthe  placer  deposits  in  California  Gulch  which  first 
attracted  prospectors  (  1860)  to  tho  region.  (  Type  47), 

Type  37c.  Park  Co.  lying  east  of  Lake  and  embracing  the  South 
Park  has  somo  mines  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Mosquito  Range  • 
and  in  the  Colorado  Range  in  its  north  eastern  corner 6  The  latter 
are  similar  to  the  Georgetown  silver  ores  mentioned  under  Clear 
Cr.  Co.  but  the  former  are  bodies  of  argentiferous  galena  and  its  * 
alteration  products  in  limestone  and  quartzite.  Pyrite  is  also 
abundant  and  at  times  a  gangue  of  barite  appears*  The  mines  are 
in  the  sedimentary  series  resting  on  the  granite  of  the  Mosquito 
Range  and  pierced  by  the    vyiry  outbreaks  as  at  Loadville, 

The  Placer  Deposits  at  Pairplay  deserve  mention  as  it  was  from 
these  thatthe  prospectors  spread  over  tho  divide  to  the  site  of 
Leadvillo  in  i860  (See  also  Type  47  ). 
Jernegan  J.L.  The  Whale  Lode  of  Park  Co.'  Col.  M.E,  3.  352. 

Chaffee  Co.  on  the  south  contains  the  iron  mines  referred  to 
under  Type  13e.  There  are  other  gold  veins  near  Granite  and  Buena 
Vista.  The  lead  silver  deposits  of  the  Moni&h  district  are  mehtiod 
ed  under  Type  32b.  In  Huerfano  Go.  in  the  Spanish  Peaks,  veins  of 
galena,  gray  copper  etc*  are  known  and  worked  to  some  extent. 

Type  37d.  Rio  Grande  Co.  In  the  Summit  Dist.  are  a  number  of 
rich  gold  Mines  of  which  the  Littlo  Annie  is  the  best  known.  They 
gold  occurs  in  the  native  form,  in  quartz  on  the  contact  between 
a  rhyolite  and  a  trachyte  breccia  or  andesite.  The  deposits  are 
thought  by  R.C. Hills  to  be  due  to  a  silicification  of  the  rhyelite 
along  these  lines,  probably  by  the  sulphuric  acid  which  brought  the 
gold.  Then  the  rooks  were  folded  and  then  oxidation  and  impover-  ' 
ishment  of  the  upper  parts  followed  to  form  bonanzas  below. 
Hills  R.C,  Proe.  of • Col.  Sci.  Soc.  Mar.  83.  Abstract  by  S9F»Emmons 
in  the  E.&  M.Jour,  June  9.  1883,  p. 332. 

Custer  Co,  affords  some  of  the  most  interesting  deposits  in  the 
west.  Rosita  and  Silver  Cliff  are  the  principal  towns  and  are  situ- 
ated in  the  Wet  Mountain  Valley  between  the  Colorado  ratige ' on  -:>he 


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north  and  the  Sangre  de'Cristo  on  the  south* 

Type  37e.  At  Silver  Cliff  an  outbreak  of  pinkish  rhyolits  occurs 
apparently  resting  on  granite,  and  impregnated  with  silver  chloride 
affording  a-  free  milling,  abundant  although  rather  low  grade  ore. 

Type  37f .  Bull  Domingo  and  Bassick.  The  first  named  is  two 
miles  north  of  Silver  Cliff  and  the  latter  seveir  miles  east  near 
Rosita*  The  Bull  Domingo  is  in  Archaean  hornblendic  gneiss  and 
consists  of  what  appears  to  b»  pebbles  or  boulders  of  the  wall 
rock  coaled  with  argentiferous  galena  which  covers  them  and  ie 
it»self  further  mantled  by  a  silicious  shell.  The  ore  body  is  40 f 
to  60 f  wide.  The  Bassick  is  in  andesite  and  likewise  consists  of 
what  appear  to  be  boulders  and  pebbles  of  the  country  roe 3s  in  an 
elliptical  chimney  20 '-100*  wide  and  coated  by  concentric  shells 
of  rich  ores.  The  first  is  a  mixture  of  lead,  antimony  and.  zinc 
sulphides  and  is  always  present.  A  second  somewhat  similar  but  of 
lighter  color  and  richer  in  lead  and  the  precious  metals  is  seme- 
times  seen.  A  third  is  chiefly  zinc  blende  rich  in  silver  and  gold 
the  large- ?t  of  all  .  A  fourth  of  chaloopyrite  sometimes  occurs,  and 
lastly  a  fifth  of  pyrite.  Various  other  minerals  aro  found  and 
curiously  enough  oharooal  on  the  outer  limits «  Both  these  deposits 
have  bo en  -thought  to  bo  the  tubes  of  geysers  in  which  boulders 
have  been  tossed  about  and  rounded  and  finttfely  cemented  together. 
Mr  EmnaenS'  .  argues  against  this  viow  and  in  the  forth-coming  Mon- 
ograph will  present  the  results  of  more  careful .  study  than  has 
yet  been  given,  these  deposits* 

Typo  37g.  HumbolAt-Poeahontas.  Fissure  veins  near  Rosita  in 
andesite  but  of  a  different  flow  and  kind  from  the  wails  of  the-  • 
Bassick,  and  filled  with  gray  copper  and  chalcopyrite  in  a  barite 
gangue,  Other  mines  of  less  importance  occur  in  the  district  but 
the  three  above  cited  are  given:  the  prominence  because  of  their- 
own  intrinsic  interest  and  because  they  have  beon  often  cited  in 
discussions,  about  the  origin  of  ores* 
Clark  R.N.  flumboldt  Pocahontas  Vein,  at  Rosita  Col,  M,E0  7SU . 

Silver  Cliff  Col.  E.&  M.Jour.  Nov-.2-.1678.  p,  314', 
Eamons  S*P.  The  Genesis  of-  Certain  Oro  Dep,  M.B.  15.  146. 

10th.  Census  Vel.  13.  p.  80,  Rec. 
Graybill  L.C-.  On  the  Peculiar  Peaturos  of  the  Bassick  Mine  M.S. 

llV  110a  B.&  M.Jour.  Oct.  28,1882.  p0  226,  ReCc 
Gilpin  Co*  has  already  been  referred  to  under  copper  Typo  i6b* 

Type  37h,.  Clear  Creek  Co.  Veins  along  the  faulting  of  jointing 
planes  ef  gneiss  (  pr  granite)  or  associated  with  perphyry  dikes 
and  more,  or  less  a  replaeement  of  the  walls-,  and  containing  argen- 
tiferous galena,  tetrahednte  and  pyrite.  They  resemble  in  struc- 
tural features  the  veins  of  Gilpin-  Co.  but  are  entirely  different 
in  their  ores.  At  times  the  ores  seem  to  impregnate  porphyry  dikes 
or  pegmatite  segregations.  Georgetown  is  the  principal  torm  and 
mining  center,  the  others  being  Idaho  Springs,  Silver  Plume,  and 
the  Geneva  Diet. 


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Ermions  --©s^U  10th  -Census*  Vol.  '13.  p*7d.~-  ftec.  -.. 

Hague  Jo-Do"-  40th*  Parallel  Survey  Vol.  III,  P&.589', 

VintciT  F.L*'  Tbe  Georgetown  Col*Mines.  EV&  M.Jour.  Sept.  13/1879p9  184- 

Type  3  Tho'  Boulder  Co.  ^reins  along  Joints  or  faulting  planes  in 
gneiss  cr  granite  or  associated  with  porphyry  dikes  or  pegmatite 
segregations  and  carrying  tellurides  of  the  precious  metals  mcra 
of  less  as  an  impregnation  of  the  country  rock.  The  prevalent  -eoutv» 
try  rool^is  called  by  Emmons  a  granite-gneiss,  .Van  Diest  (l^Co) 
distinguishes  -ftfeur  successive  terranes  of  massive  and  schistose 
rocks  folded  along  three  principal  axes  and  two  side  ones,  and 
states  that  the  mines  are  on  the  slopes  of  the  folds'.  The  country 
is  very  generally  pierced  by'  porphyry  dikes  with  which  the  ore 
bodies  are  often  associated.  A  large  number  of  species  of  tellu- 
ride  minerals  have  been  determined  from  the  region  especially  by 
Dr-cGentii  of  Philadelphia.  The  mines  afford  very  rich  ores,  some- 
what irregularly  distributed. 
Eilers.A^M  new  Occurrence  of  the  Telluride  of  Gold  and  Silver 

M.Bi  1.  316, 

Emmons  30P3  10th<,  Census  Vol.  13.  p.  64;   • 

Genth  F»A,  On  T^llurides.  A,J.S.II.  45.  305  &  other  later  papers 
*»       in  tho  same  Jpurnal. 
'Van  Diest  oP«Hi  The  Mineral  Res.  of  Boulder  Co.  Ann.  Kept*  Col. 

State  Sen.  of  Mines.  1886.  p,  25. 

The  resources  of  the  renalning  counties  of  Col*  are  chiefly  in  coal 
which  will  be  spoken  of  in  its  place* 


g*  Geology  explained  at  length.  The  production  of  Wyo- 
ming in  tho  precious  metals  is  insignificant  as  yet.  Several  years 
ago  (1887)  the  Sweetwater  region  attracted  attention  but  it  has  not 
been  of  mash  importance  since.  Mines  may  be  opened  up  in  time  in 
the  Mountainous  western  portion  of  the  Teritory.  The  eastern  part 
is  prairie  or  plateau  -country.  The  resources  in  coal  are  very 
great  (See  later  under  coal)  and  iron  is  known  (See  Type  13e)  and 
copper  has  been  produced  in  some  quantity  (See  Type  20g), 
Emtcons  8,9*  10th»  Census  Vol.  XIII.  p,86. 
RaymonJ.JcUW,  Mining  Statistics  'West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Tjrpe  38,  Black  'Hills,  S.  Dak.  Geology  explained  at  lengtho 
the  principal  product,  of  the  Black  Hills  at  present  is  gold, 
The  Isad-oilver  deposits  have  been  referred  to  above  (Typs  33a)  and 
the  tin  deposits,  mica  etc.  will  be  mentioned  later.  The  gold 
occurs  in  placers  (See  Type  47)  of  Quaternary  and  Recent  age  as  4$ 
well  as  in  Potsdam  sands  tones  (Compare  Type  45a)  which  are  old  shore 
beaches  i*ow  hardened  to  rock;  in  pyritous  beds  in  schistose  rocks 
ana  in  segregated  quartz  veins.  (Cf.  Type  48).  The  Quaternary  and 
recent  £Xa<*ei!*ff  are  the  usual  gravels  which  are  more  fully  described 
und/sr  Cal&,  The  Potsdam  Sandstone  is  an  extremely  interesting  dep- 
osit •>  It  has  resulted  from  the  wearing  action  of  tho  waves  of  the 


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Potsdam  ocean  on  the  Archaean  schists*  The  Potsdam  also  carries 
other  deposits  in  the  vicinity  of  porphyry  sheets  and  dikes,  which 
consist  of  auriferous  pyrite,  sometimes  oxidized  which  has  replaced 
the  original"  calcareous  cement  of  the  quartzite,  Tho  pyritous  b«ds 
are  in-a  broad  imp  rotated  zone  2000'  bwoad  (Carpenter)  of  elatos 
and  schists  with  portions  especially  rich  in  auriferous  puri',eaa 
The  ore  is  not  of  high  grade  running  $3~$4,00  per  ton  but  it  is 
treated  at  great  profit  by  mining  it  in  gnssatocus  quantities, 

In  1883  at  the  Homes  take  24&o335  tons  were  mined  yielding  $3  068 
gold  per  ton  and  0003  silver  at  a  profit  of  $1«19  per  ton.  This 
of  course  is  only  attainable  in  an  excellently  organized  and  man- 
aged enterprise.  (  Compare  in  this  connection  the  occ^wrencc  of 
gold  in  the  Southern  States,  Type  49).   There  are  a&sfc  many  so 
called  segregated  quartz  veins,  in  the?  schists  and  slates  «  Thefee 
are  lenticular  m&%i  of  limited  extent  horizontally  and  below 
(some  what  like  a  magnetite  lense  Typo  13  in  shapo),  arid  carrying 
a  small  amount  of  gold  vrith  little  or  no  pyrites  (Soe  Cal*  Typa  48) 

(  Views  and  Sections), 

Bowie  ACJ,  Notes  on  Gold  Mill  Construction  M.E*  10,  1887, 
Carpenter  F0B,  Prelim.  Rep.  on  the  Geol.  of  the  Black  Hills  Rapid 

City.  Dak.  1883*  „ 

/i     Ore  Dop»  of  the  Black  Hills.  M,E,  17.  570.  Rec. 
Devereux  WflB,  The  Occurrence  of  Gold  in  the  Potsdam  Formation* 

M.E.  10.  465.  Eo&  M.J,  Doc,  23.  1882.  p.  334:. 

Eramons  S.F.  10th  Census  Vol.  13.  p.  89  Rec/  See  also  under  Tin*  •  . 
Hofman  H.O.  Gold  Milling  in  the  Black  Hills.  M,E.  17.  498.  Also  in 

Prelim,  Rep,  cited  under  Carpenter. 
Newton  &  Jenney*  Rept.  on  the  Black  Hills  Wash.  1880. 


p  39  o'  Montana.  Geology  and  geography  described  at  length* 
Montana  took  the  lead  of  all  the  states  in  1887  in  the  production 
of  silver  and  was  second  in  gold  .and  first  in  the  total  production 
of  the  two.   In  its  mineral  wealth  it  yields  to  no  other  state  in 
the  Union*  '  The  raining  districts  are  mostly  in  the  western  central 
and  western  portions  of  the  state.  The  Rocky  Mtns.  are  lower  in 
Monta  than  in  Col*  and  broad  valleys  suitable  for  agriculture  and 
as'  a  rule  wall  watered  add  to  its  advantages.  Developments  have 
progressed  so  rapidly  in  Montana  that  all  the  desirable  data  are 
not  available. 

Type  39a.  Madison  Co*  Veins  in  gneiss  containing  galena  and 
pyrite  in  a  quartz  gangue,  Virginia  City  is  the  principal  town 
and  the  veins  are  north  of  it  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  count 
Emmons  S,F*  lOth*  Census  Vol.  XIII  p.  97. 

Type  39b.  Bewerhead  Co*  Near  Bannack  City*  quartz  veins  with 
auriferous  pyrite  on  the  contact  between  limestone  and  so  called  • 
granite.  At  Glendale  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county  arc  the 
Heel?-  mined  referred  to  under  lead  silver  (Type^33)  Auriferous 
quartz  veins  are  reported  'further  north. 
Emnons  S0F0  10th«  Census  Vol.  XIII  a'97, 


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.    .  stilt    *  XC 

id'..  .*»<^s,hifiVjb*,  $^i  .  o.^  ^5d  -)  .*  e-Hr*  *>»* 

:    i  ft*l>  erf  t  .-  *  .e  ;  i*  .tnwSl  •  ;  ;>  oc  ^  ^  i^' 

•••-.,  .......      .    . 

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•  55 

'I'ype  39o&  Jefferson  Co«  The  county  contains  ore  bodies  chic-fly 
?rous  q*  warts  in  gneiss,  porphyry  or-  limestone/.  The  lead  silver 
nera-  W£ak««  have  be6n  -referred  to  ••(Type  33l» 

Sa'o •  lOth.  Censas  Vol,  XIII  p.  97* 
Type  39c2 u  Silver  Bow  Co.  The  copper  min»  and  the  general  geol- 
ogy of  the  Butte  Oity  region  were  referred  to  under  copper  (Type 
17}o  In  the  basic  granite  and  north  of  the-ioopper  zone  is  a  belt 
of  j$Kii*z&  carrying  sulphides  of  silver  lead,  zinc  and  iron  in  a 
siliceous  gangue  but  abundantly  associated  with  manganese  compounds 
of  various  aorta,  eispaoiaily  rhodolite*  No  manganese  id  known  in 
the  eoppar  belt,  nor  any  copper  in  the  silver  belt,  a  mos.fr  striking 
phRttOEMSAH  in  veins  in  the  same  wall  rock*  Here  occur  the  Alice, 
Lexington  and  Moult  on  Mines »  In  the  more  acid  granite  west  of  the 
But i« ,  5.8  another  silver  belt  with  the  silver  minerals  as  in  the 
other  veins  and  likewise  in  %  gangue  of  manganese  miner alsa 

The  Bias-bird  1*3  the  principal  mine  of  this  zone.  The  manganif- 
eroua  outcrop  of  thea«»  veins  was  a  notable  feature  in  the  landscape 
b«it*g  a  broad  rusty  black  belt,  not  very  rich  on  the  surface  and 
only  showing  the  silver  in  depth*  The  Gagnon  vein,  however,  lacks 
quite  entirely  and  contains  other  ourious  minerals  as 
by  Mr  Pearce*  tenons  argues  strongly  that  these  veins 
were  •  formed  along  circulation  fissures,  probably  of  small  original 
sisss  but  afterwards  much  enlarged  by  a  replacement  of  the  walls 
with  ore?,  Placer  mines  have  also  been  worked  near  Butte* 
Blake  Y;O?»  Silver  Mining  &  Milling  at  Butte  Mont*  M.E.16  38 

>.  Thft  Rainbow  Lode.  Butte  City  Mont.  M.E.  16.  65, 
BirKncrris  SoPa  Notes  on  tho  Gaol,  of  Butte  Mont.M.B.  16.49*  p. 208 
Pearoe  Rich,  Tho  &8sooiatfc£n  of  Minerals  in  the  Gagnon  Vein  Butte 

Oity  Mo'^o  16a  62. 

Peters  E.Do'  Min,  Kai«  U0S0  1883-84  p0374. 
Spilabtiry  SvG0  plaoer  Mining  in  Mont.  E.&  M.J,  Sep.  3.  1887  p«167. 

The  Silver  Mines  of  Butte  Mont.  April  18  1885.  p»261* 
Williams  &  Peters  On  Butte  Mont.  E»&  M.Jour.  Mar  28.  1885.  p.208v 

Type  3<?09  Dec-r  Lodge  Oo.  Placer  deposits  (Type  49fr  are  numeroua 
along  the  Deer  Lodfee  River,  arid  auriferous  quartz  veins  are  known* 
the  gre&'k«sist  mine  is  the  Granite  Mtn«  now  yielding  very  hand^- 
roturnfto  ?}$«  is  in  the  southern  part  of  the  couxfty  near 

rg  ai).d  is  a  fissure  vein  in  granite,  principally  with 
era  a  and  considerable  gold.  On  the  same  vein  is  the  Bimetal- 
lic,, Further  ^est  sedimentary  rooks  come  in  much  metamorphosed  by 
c'Ctatact  with  later  eruptive  granite. 
Goodala  C0W8<fc  AkeJ  WCA0  Concentration  etc.  with  notes  on  the  Geol* 

of 'the  Flint  Oroek  Mining  Dist*  MdE«  1890  Reo. 
B.>&-MftJa  The  Granite  Mtnft  Mine.  Deo.  10  1887. -Nov.  23,  1889. 
Gpilebury  1-0G0  Placer  Mining  in  Mont.  Ee&  M.J0  Sep.  3.87.  p.  167. 
Type  3$ fa  Lewie  »  Clark  Co.  The  plaoer  mines  (Type  47)  near 
Kelena  (X-ast  Chance  and  Prickly  Pear  Gulches)  which  wero  found  by 
the  prospectors  #ho  spread  through  the  Roc-ky  Mtns.  as  the  Cal.  gold 


<:. 


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tied  *   al   errcs  «ier 

js  ft*  xfo*j£  .MISS  MUs   Jte«X  •sstfXia  to  ae£j 
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66 


a  <x*t/-3   TW-S  ths  first  to  attract   attention*     'Jj;ir.&»*  ross 


z  ..veins'  "in  -granite  and  slates  have  foe:  en  de?  vole- 
20  miles  north  of  Helena  is  the  Drumluosnon  Group   of   vevn.j 
!-/.;  r^frtKiiory  silver  and  gold  ore   in  a  quar&z  gangue   on  the 
contour    btyf**<;':i  &.  granite  knob  and  the  surrounding  metwaorphio 
sehii.;.-.  i  ••:'-.     .7h«;:'e   3.re   also   ether  veins   in  the  -granite   aa£,  -..Ufcaa  -of 
.eruv-v..;/o   roovr  occur   aBsou.i.av,6d  TV'ith  the   ore   bo41«£*  • 
-Clayton  JV2.   '.['&«   'Dr^nLjuj^on  Group  of  Ve  inapt  c»  Sei  &U  ^oar\,   Au#. 

.      4  &  11      1883.    pp.    85  4£  10S-* 
Ecrtions   So3?«    10th  Census  Vol,   XIII,v  p«97. 

•  Misso.XU  Co-,    in  the  ncvt!T'/r,:-:i;orn  comer  of  t.h;%  st,c»tu   is 
of  lale:-:    O.ever.  c-prssnts,    o^po^iaily  since  th«  lT9?ac«  H«'^a    ivj 
built  thrcu.gh  it,    At    Iron  Mtn^    and  el&ewhero  rdning 
growing  up  »  'but   available  descriptions  have  not.  y0t 


Type  40.   Geography  and  Go.vlogy  explained  at  length. 

The  ijour,hern  psr^.  -of  the  territory  partakou  of  the   char^t.er    of 


Great  Basin    (See  ps5}9   north  oi*  this  'in  tho  Snake  iU^ei4  Val;i,i?y  Is 
an  •h.'flfieu.sc   outpouring  of  basalt  •     The  northor-o  part   of  tJ'itr   tit  at  ft 
is  on  thfe  we  stern  s.!cpee«  of  tho  Hooky  Mtnii?  'anci  if? 
varied   :-n  topography,,      In  th«  most  northern  county 
quartz  vs-jins   and  placers  are  reoordod  but  available 
descriptions  are  yet  to  be  placed  in  print  »      In  Shonnonr  Ou*    ar« 
the  rich  •Goaur-  d'   Alenc  load  silver  mines,    already  referred  to 
under  Type  34a0  N«s  l^rlos^cxmWol  are  also  known  1,0  contain  gold 
quartz  and  placers,   Xiemhi  Co9    in   in  the  central  part   of   fch«  tdrri« 
tory  on'  the   western  s|opes  of  tho  Rocky  Wtns-j    Ite  .r\int'ii   are 
placer  e  along  the  Sa^jtaon  River,   Ouster  Co/   south  of 
several  veil  known  sriines(   Ramshorn^   Char  lea  Dickens, 
Thosa  TBitTs  isi  fi»t«caorjphi«   rooka,    (gTiftiss   slate  «tea)  \vlth  aai-oci&f 
te^orphyry  at  the  Ouster,    and  certain  various  gold  arul  silver  ores* 

The  Ouster-  vein  is  a  groat   ledge  vrith  silver  sulphide  a  find  leaa 
abundant  gc.ld0      ^hc-  Charles  Dickens  procixices  gold  ajjd  silver   In 
about  equal  amounts  ft   Smelting  ores  also  occur  in  the  ragion,    as   in 
the  R&mshorn  and  cthor  mines   in  vh^ch  small  smelting  ops^'&tions 
have  been  carried  oru     In  Boise  r.nd  wsetarr.  Altuvab  Cc-'&r   a  granite 
area  foy«iG  the  greet  er  pasrt   of  the  Burfaoe,    and   in  it  are  jttJiserous 
productive  veins*      I»\   fcho  former  thoyaftxo  chiefly  gold  qu^rt^:  except 
in  the  Bsuaier  district  wfcers  silver  predominates,,     Th«  pla^tr- 
deposits   of  th«  oounty  irhi^h  were  developed  in  1363  urert*  ve\vy  riah 
but  are  -now  less  productive  than  in  former  years*      In  Ail.uras  Go» 
the  saxno  gold  quarts  voins  occur  r   and  also  others   oarryixig  silver.. 
and  the  Bounty   ia  a  strong  producer  0     Tho  Wood  River  ?/ii^ies   in     , 
elates  and  JLluiest.one-S;    s'jutii  «a«t   of  the  granite  have  already  boon 
referred  to   ,Typs  ^40   0-»yh*e  Co3    is   in  the   south-  vrecti-srn  oorno^V 
It'  is  probable  ^hat    ths   gratrStft   of  the   t/ffo   last  B'isirc  A0??fjd  e.-rlsnii^ 
under  over^y^n^   Jrift   and  e&acs  up  again  naar  Silver  O.lty    (B^oJcar}^ 
South  w^st    of   It   quarts  porphyry  and  raeilamorphie   recks  ftre    found 


*/f* 


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57 

and  dikes    of-  basal W  Sold  quartz  aiid  high  gr».de  silver  orer^aro    the 
ones-  prssoiito'     The  Poormaiuf  Lode   is   a  i?azncns  ••  one .  f orr  ruby  silver 
o:-ssc   "We/FoBlafc«  me  nt  ions  seeing  a  pitsce'-from  this  mine   at 'the  Paris 
i   which  weigj^bottt   200  Ibs*    (Av<T0S0    II0   45*    197). 
sife  ard   Oue'ida  two  ether   aovmtiee   in  the   southern  / 

or  have  been  work-Del  and  •  in  Bear  Lake  Co«    in -the 
south -eaBT.   corner   salt,  and.  sulphur  deposits  are  reaov&dd* 
Beaker  G0'?»    -'.&tfc  Genmpfi  Vol  Xirr«   po59 
Export   of -the  .Dimeter  of  the  Mint   1882 -p,    227  0 

The  Colorado  Plat  oau  and  the  Great  Basin  Region,,    (Part  of 
Idaho  belongs  &er«)0 

Typu  4-i  0   UtahcGoology  arid  geography  explained  at   lengthy 
The  grsat*:"  number   of  the   Utah  mines  have  been  mentioned  'under 
Typo  ?,s  and  SO „   The  north  western  county.  Box  BXd^j'^n  the  alkaline 
dsaer-t  region  of  the  ftre&t  Basina   Then  down  throiS^  the  central 
part  of  the  st&te  in  the  Wahaatch  and  Oqu^Vrh  mountains  the  mining 
d IK; trices  oftcurp    and   in  the   extreme   south  west, 

Type  4-1  a o   Ontario  Mine^  Noar.ly  east '6f  Salt  Lake  City  in  Summit 
Coo    IB  tb?   0-ntario  Mine,   a  vein  from  46   to  28*  ttldo  -o.ve raging  81,    » 
in  qiwu^'iiy-itf  tf   but  oxtr«Die."iy  porftiateirit!  boing  opened  continuously 
for  6'X)085    In  tho  lower  workings  a  porphyry  dike  has  oomo  in  as 
one   of  thft  walls 0  The  ores   consist     of  galena,  gray  copper,   silver 
gianoOj,-  blonde  eto0«  The  beat  grade  runs  about  $95,   tho  seoonG 
about  $£00  The  min«s  has  been  finely  managed  from  the  start  and  is 
one   of  the  most  creditable  enterprises   in  the  yr&sto  '  Other  somewhat 
similar  ore-  bodies  are  Known  in  tho   some  r*gion  but  are  less  devel* 
ope do   • 

Aajfny  SVJo  History  of  the  Ontario  Mino*   Park  City  Utah  M,B«16«  35. 
E0'&  ^:0Jv   The   Ontario  Mine  May  28,   1881.,   po3650 
Himtley  DvB9    lOtho   Oerwiiia  Vol.,   XIII  p,,43S. 

The  D.cad  silver  bedded  veins  of  Blrigham  'Oanonf    in  Salt  Lake 
OOo  have  already  boon  mentioned,,   Typo  29»     Reference  may  again  be 
mad*   to  th*  great  bed  of  gold  quart  a  associated  with  them.   Ophir 
and  fcry  Canons  in  Tooale  Cos  1'ypo  29a  have  also  been  described,  -and 
the  £intia  .Oist   in  J'wab  Obo{TypM  2 Oh  and  29fc}9   in  addition  to  the 
smelting  ort?.-a  others  have  boon  treated  by  milling,     In  Beaver  Co. 
$hi*  Interenting  doposit*  of  the  Horns ilver,   the  Carbonate  and  the 
Cave  ore  bodies  have  been  menlilcxaed  uti-der  Types  30,   SOA  and  30br 
The  great   iron  sain  as  of  IVon  Co*  vill  bo  found  under  !Type  14.  (1) 
lil  Piutd  Cc>3  i:»»ar  th«,i;oim  of  Maryevala,    aro'und  Mt0   ^aldy  are'-tf* 
n\*nbe*r   of  asinea  with  19 ad  silver  or  milling  oreB?    in  o.viarts  porph- 
yry   (Oopper  Belt)   or  between  limestone  and  qucrtssitc.  vl'eer  Trail,    . 
s  d  Mv:;^r>  t  fti*  e  t  e  a ) « 
4:ibo   SiJ/ver  Reef  Utiaho   Native  silvorf    ce^ftigerite  and 

* t ini  l>iassic   eandstaar^s   «.kid  often  replacing     -  • 
?hes«  tie  .posits  were  ref^rrod  to  undor  Typo  21o» 
They  -sore   discover sd  in  16770   AT.   Silver  &ecf ,.    there   ar*   two   silver 


./*'--    h 
. 

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OWN 

bearing  strata  or  reefs,  with  bede  of  lower  cla^  shale  between* 
Above  th*  water  line  the  ore  is  hornsilver,  below,  it  is  argent  it  etf 
At  times  it  replaces'  plant  remains,  at  other  times  no  visible 
presence  of  ore  ean  be  noted  e.-Hhotagh  the  rock  ma^  afford  $30,  Oo  to 
the  ton.   The  silver  always  occurs  along  certain  ore  chanels,  dis- 
tributed throufefc  certain  parts  of  the  sandstone.   The  origin  of 
the§e  deposits  has  giveoi  occasion  to  a  vigorous  discussions 
J3S,lIev/berry  holds  that  the  silver  was  deposited  in  and  with  the 
sandstone  from  the  Triassic  sea,  although  it  may  have  been  cone  on*  .si 
trated  since,  in  the  ore  channels,  F,M.F,Cazin  holds  that  tha 
organic  remains  were  deposited  -in  and  with  the  sandstone  and-  that-- 
these  werejtlje  immediate  precipitating  agents  of  the  ores, 


Ce'M.  Rolker,  vfho  was  for  some  years  in  charge  of  several  of  the 
mines,  has  also  written  about  them  and  is  probably  nearest  to  the 
truth*  Rolker  argues  that  the  impregnation  7/as  subsequent  to  the 
formation  and  was  caused  by  the  igneous  outbreaks  in  tho  neighbour- 
hood and  probably  is  along  old  lines  of  partial  weakling  or  ©rush- 
ing that  afterwards  healed  up.  Eruptive  rooks  are  known  in  the 
neighborhood  both,  in  Utah  and.  in  the  "Sacemiento  Copper  district 
of  New  Mexico,   From  what  we  know  of  ore  deposition  in  gonoral 
this  seems  most  probable. 
Gazin  F.M,F,  The  Origin  of  tho  Copper  -an^Silver  Oros  in  Triassic 

Sand:  \Dnok.  E.&  M.J.  Dec.  11*80.  p.  381.  "&pr.  30e'81.  p03000 
E<&  M.J.  The  Silver  Sandstone  Formation  at  Silver  Reef,  May  220  • 

1880.  p.  351.  Jan.  10,17,&  24.  1880  pp.25,  4-8  &  ?*4ft»*ti»i£ 
Jackson  A6N.  Silver  in  Sedimentary  Sandstone  Rept  ,  of  Dirootor  of 

the  Mirvt  188B,  p.  38*.  quoting  Cal,  Acad,  Scie 
Newberrv  J.S,  Rept.  on  the  Properties  of  therStormont  Silver     • 

•".M$80jig  Go.  etc.  E.&  M.J.  Oct.  23.  ifeo  p02S9. 

//   «  •  The  Silver  Reef  Mines.  E.&  M.J.  Jan.  1,1881.  p.  4.     *  ' 
Rolker  G.M.-  The  Silver  Sandstone  Dist.of  Utah  M.E0  9«  21. 
•  . 

Type  42  .  Arizona  .Geology  and  geography  explained  at  lengths 
Th^  rainfall  is  slight  and  the  country  lacks  water.  The  ynorth  east- 
ern portion  comes  into  the  plateau  district  but  is  largely^liy  TTura 
Trias  and  Carboniferous  strata.   In  the  south  east  it  is  mountain- 
ous and  rich  in  mining  districts  (See  Type  20  )a  The  same  is  true 
of  the  central  and  nprth  eastern  but  the  south  western  is  a  sandy 
desert  and  probably  the  hottest  portion  of  the  U.S.. 

Apache  Go.  is  in  the  north  eastern  corner.   In  the  southern 
part  of  the  county  gold  and  silver  ores,  in  veins  in  limes  tono 
associated  with  copper  ores  are  reported  and  some  small  placers*- 
Yavapai  Co.  Gold  and  silver  ores  ivx  quartz  veins  in  granite  and 
metamorphic  rocks.  The  -Black  Range  copper  district  has  already 
been  referred  to  under  Type  20)  Mohavo  Co.   Silver  sulphides, 
arsenides  etc«  and  alteration  products  above  the  water  level  (low 
grade  sulphides  below)  in  veins  in  granite  at  times  showing  a  * 


-ti/  "> 

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59 

gneissoid  structure.  Only  the  richest  can  now  be  worked,  Yuma  Cov 
Quartz  veins  with  silver*  ores  and  lead  Minerals  in  metamorphic 
rocks  (gneiss,  slate^etc.)  or  in  granite*  Maricopa  Co,  contains 
both  Palaeozoic  and  Archaean  exposures.  The  ore  deposits  lie  mostly 
along  the  contact  of  the  two,  in  granite  or  highly  metamorphQsed 
strata.  They  are  usually  quartz  veins  with  silver  ores  and  copper, 
lead  and  zinc  minerals.  The  Globe  Dist,  extending  also  into  Final 
Co*  is  the  principal  one.  Mention  has  already  been  made  of  it  under 
copper  (Type  20).  Final  Co.  adjoins  Maricopa  on  the  south  and  •  •  • 
contains  a  number  of  important  miftes.  They  produce  mostly  silver 
ores  with  lead  and  copper  associates,  and  some  blende.  The  gangue 
minerals  are  qoartz  ,calcite  etc.  occasionally  manganese  compounds 
and  sometimes  in  the  granites,  btxrite.  Limestone,  slate,  sandstone 
and  quart zite  as  well  as  granite,  diabase  and  diorite  occur  as  wall 
rocks  * 

Type  42a«  The  Silver  King  Mine.  A  central  mass  or  chimney  of 
quartz  with  innumerable  radiating  ve inlets  of  the  same  carrying 
rich  c^-ljrer  ores  and  native  silver, in  a  great  dike  of  feldspar 
porphyry,  with  associated  granite , syenites  (Blake),  porphyry  gneiss 
and  slates,  all  of  Archaean  age.   The  veinlets  ramify  thr-ju&i  the 
strongly  altered  porphyry  and  form  a  stockwerk  which  furnishes  the 
principal  ore-   In  the  region  are  also  Palaeozoic  strata  whose 
upper  limestone  beds  are  referred  by  Blake  to  the  Carboniferous, 

The  minerals  at  tha  mines  are  native  silver,  stromeyerite, 
argentite,  sphalerite,  galenite,  tetrahedrite,  born"ite,  chalcopy- 
rite,  pyrite,  quartz,  calcite,  siderite,  barite. (Views  and  bc^iions 
from  Blake).  Sraham  Co.  contains  the  Clifton  Copper  district  refer- 
red to  under  Type  23,    Cochise  Co.  is  the  southeastern  Co,  and 
contains  the  Tombstone  Dist,,  the  most  productive  of  the  precious 
metals  in  the  territory. 

Type  24b.  Tombstone.  A  great  porphyry  dike  up  to  70  feet  wide 
cutting  folded' Palaeozoic  strata  and  itself  extensively  faulted; 
and  altered,  and  carrying  above  the  waterline  in  numerous  vertical 
Joints  orrpartings,  quartz  with  free  gold,  horns ilver  and  a  little 
pyrite,  gai&nito  and  lead  carbonate*  Curiously  enough  in  the  por- 
phyry itself  and  far  from  the  quartz  veins,  flakes  and  scales  of 
free  gold  have  been  found  evidently  introduced  in  solute in*  Ore  alec 
occurs  along  the  sides  of  the  dike.  There  are  also  other  fissures 
parallel  with  this  principal  dike,  and  still  another  series  cros- 
sing these  and  the  axis  of  the  great  anticline  of  the  district  * 
Connected  with  these  fissure  veins  are  bedded  deposits  in  the  lime- 
stone, along  the  bedding  planes  or  dropping  from  one  to  another, 
appearing  to  have  originated  by  replacement.  Blake  offers  two 
explanations  of  the  first  mentioned  dike  deposit.  Either  that  the 
dike  itself  held  the  precious  metals  or  that  they  came  from  the 
pyrite  of  the  adjoining  strataa  Considerable  manganese  occurs  in  * 
many  of  the  mines.  There  are  several  other  mining  districts  of  less 
note  in  the  country,  and  the  copper  deposits  of  the  Bisbee  region 
have  already  been  mentioned  under  Type  20b. 


w  acf  woa  A*»  Jae  ad*  xXnO    ^i/*3irc*s  6Jtoaa*«o* 

citim 


aagUI 

to 


bit* 
ai 

.{OS  «nt) 
to  ^edrtswi  a 

trui  ^aaJ  xf^iw 
a*Ul«a, 


-tea  rftooa  ei      no  a  aM 

*w/l>a«i«j 
arft  •atoaXd  a/noa  to«  « 


a<ft  »aS* 


to  t«w*Jf+  -10  aaaoi  Xa^fnaa  A     .etttu 

to 
iaqaf)Xat  to  aaClfc   taat«  a  n*fiavlla 


to  XXa   , 

:  rfolrfw  jfievraf&oys  &  mot  brra  ^n  T  fc»ia*Xa 

e  ai  oaXa  s*r£  nois^  s  -«o  Xaq 

aiaia  Y< 


aeotai  ari^  4a  aJUrrt«iai  aiff 


ai    , 
to  arJUaufconqr  ^aott  t>rf^   «,«al<E  a»o^acf«o^  arf* 


afciw  t*»t  or  o*  cjw  atfla  r»yfqp»oq  ^afm  A  . 

ffavlaftatxa  tXaa*i   tea  ata-i^a  oiosoeaXa^  bnlblot 
al  «alX««9«aw  *d$  sroda 

ot 


to 


tad^o   oela  aia  ei  wft  .aj(tb  adt  to  aa6ia  »rf>  yi^la  rwaao 

XXJtta  tea  t«U*  Xa<ri««*f  «  alii* 

,  *oittai!>  ttf*  to  mlXaitiia  ^aa*q§  arf*  to  aixa  aAt  Ana  ****** 
al  alteoqa*  JaaMt4f  a-wi  anJtsv  ••oraail  taacf*  H*Iw 
aaoit  titt^qonfc  to  aawaXcj  $rtibtoK*  arU 


.Jiaoqaf?  aiClli  bwiciv-ntw  *«flt   art^  to 
J  moit  anaa  X*rf*   ^ad^  10  aXat«af  nwoiaanq  art*  6(« 
*     ni   aiuooo  oaa>aatttaai  aX^a^ftiaaoO  *al«%t«  iitinlo^a   eri^  to  • 
aaaX  to  a  +  tti^exi)  an  it  n  Is  tart^o  Xatev»a  ^ta  a%*ifT  .aafi^m  aidt  to 

to  attaoqsb  leqqoa  ari>  Nia  •%xji^'»/o 

fccMOaa*  *a«d 


60. 

Pima.  Ooo    is  the  .central-  one  of  the  southern  tier  an  5.  has  • 
Tucson  as  its  principal   city0     There  are  numbers  cf  Hiii^.a  of  the 
precicvis  raet&ls   and  a  fey  less   in-port  ant  ' oopp&r  d.rpoaitV.'o\ 
Yuena  Co  a    in  ths   /southwestern  corner  has  sorue  rninjj  along  iha  Colo- 
rado River  on  quartz  veins  in  metasnorphii  rcclis9    containing  silver 
and  lead-  minerals  0     ' 

Becker  <J»P0   10th  Consols  Vol  XIII     pd4d* 

Blake  WBP<,  The  Oeology.^of  Tombstone  Arizona  M»£«   10t   334. 
E0&  Mo  J0      *Tune  24,   1882 *     po'323. 

The  Silver  King  Min*<>  /tahort  Monograph*  Nev;  Kavtn»  Maroh 
1883  ReCa    'See   also  £**&»?,   April     £3*    18&5 '   p»2380. 
Blandy  J0PS   She  Mining  Region  ar«o^d  Preaoott  Ay is.  MbS«   lib   236f- 
Eo&  MpJcur.      On  To-.mbi-tona  Ar'l;%o   May  7»   1681U   p«316t   Mar  18»'  S36 
Silver  in  Ar:ize   Genor^l  v/^v.JLeYr  Sep.ai  &  £56   18CO  ppl7t 
Central  Arizor-a     Ap,:".:.l  CSj-  1881 «   pofc&3e  '    v 

Silliman  3P  Rept.   on  -the  ?.-.-i a i- ;.{:-;  •)•:.£•&  a   oi*  Ari/.orr^.  n^ar  the  Hio  Colo- 
rado".  AoJoS.    I.?o-4T.   269,      Sea   klco  ^04  M«,0rcur«     AU£«*  11 
1877,      pan. 


Type  43  0  Nevada  *  (Jeca^ftphy  f,nd  geology  txplfcuMul  at  ." 
Koto  the.Gh'ssat  B.^in  wiv-h •  the  ^'ij.jTOi^t *  north  v.~r!.  ^.vv-lV.-. 
largsly  of  eruptive-  rocks 0  .  • 

k  Lincoln  Go0   is   in  the  souths  sis  v.ei'A  florae  r,    and  Mjsvh&irtf 
ber'  of  small  mining  districts,     -Iha  orss'«*re  in  ganor&l  Oliver  lead 
ores  in  limestone  or  veins  with  swlphurst  crss   in    jUtU'^l'.e  and 
granite o  Pioche  is  one  of  the  principal   tc^na  r.s&r  itfh:U»h  tha  onoe 
famous  Kaymc?id  <fe  I-'.ly  Mino   ie   I;:vv,i'';clo     Th'y  I  ,ij*^v  ^,^«^.'(.  ^^1  KwlMa* 
ute  -dir>tri«ts  at&ll  fv,vthsr  p.outh  'r,:r-'r;  v  *--    ,  •  *)Ut  thi 

uholo*  region  Is -i?o  ::^r  rror*  3.13         '  '    •  •  :>> .  •  '    'tr*   tfori- 

d^tions   are  harci  r.^/s ic. 

Type  4oa»-  N^y  Oo«  next  west  1*2 -t:  ?..:•:  i::vo ..:-•<•  ?.nt  ail:'.;.'.'.:r.e!  a»^trtr  in' 
It  a*  northern  portion,  around  ths  -V./.v.a  of  y^lv.ont9  QptffHtMti  aM 
slates  rest  on  granite  in  th*  crd*r  ••>r:*d  &n£  in  thdm  arft  voina  *•  - 
with  qirnrtz  g&ngue  •&•"••  silvsr  ohloz*i-:».e:3  H:V .'i'-'rdi«g  very  riah  orti»» 

Southeast  of  Belmont   is  Tybo0  •   ' 

firinons  -S,'P0  -Survey  of  tho  40th  Parf..'Me!i.  V;:v.,»   !CI?!  p0   t>Q3«  •    - 

.Type  *Sbo  l^hite  Pine  GQ0'is  no'rth«As^,   and  rtCTitai;.\s  %h*  tlhit«" 
Pine  Dist»     rfhs  prirx^^aX  to^rn  i?  T5;v-:i:.3.-iiori  about   l.'LO  rj.il* •  south 
of  Blko  en  tha  Osnto*  ?sc-.0  o     ^,'ie  «/ :/,.v.'jj.Aiirn  •oft.timwtio^.  PA  th«-  Hu?*** 
boldt  Range  r^jis  ^ith '  «?o'ae.  Tjrc?x«n  h^'Ou   floy;r  •;.£?•(;  :l«#;  ohi«*ly  of    ,  ••  . 
folded  Devonian  liww^vm**  At  TIs-jr-lA-Un  th^"/".*{  «.,rebt-«nt'  into  a  proa>i«» 
nent  aniielines'  ane  this  has   a  ifc**6nf  f  i^Httl1**  •ro«*irg  ites  iM^V 

The  geol-cgisal  ni^tion  is  DevoT::*.*:*.  U/'^r-ton^    9    thin- 
shale,   thin  ailioious  l*J.:r<eetone^  !&.r,'.;ilIaoeGir.s  «hAl«'' 
bonifarous,   Mtti4atonr;  Mid.  Onrbonif  *rt>uui  :iiv.a«to:nd,-  { 

"The.  ere  bodies   oc.i-nrr  i^-.r>^r*cii:;:^  to  /.i;r:^^d  IJXjue   1] 

elir>a-l  axr.   ?e      (,?.^    Tn  ccntftft.  deptvrltn  b^^'O^n  tho  linnet t,&n«  und   4 
•:'..,  •  •  *.''•,•* 


to  *na  -I**; 


; 


. 


a 


MC* 


V 


,- 


M  *• 


to  tod 


i 
Mi 


• 


-:: 


to 


• 


6 

shales 0  (3)  Inr  beds'  or  chambers  in  the  limestone  parallel  to  the 
stratification,,   (4)  -  In  i-r regular  vertical- -and.  oblique  se-*ttn:;  or 
joints  across  the  beddings  -The  ore  is  chiefly  .ehlorido.  of  wi 
an  quartz  gangue,,'  It  is  thought  by  Mr  Hague  to  have  probably 
up  through  the  main  cross  fissure  and  meeting  the  impervious  shale 
to  havo  spread  through  the  limestone  in  this  way, 

Clayton  J0E«  Sections  of  the  Rocks  in  Hamilton  Neva  Cala  •#«&&  Scvi. 
Hague  a  A,-  40th  Parallel  Survey  Vol.  Ill, p. 409 0 

Egan  Canon  is  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county  anc.  nh&vs-  a 
geological  section  of  granite,  quartzite  and  slate  in  i:<ba  or*1.:*?  • 
named?   In  the  'slate  and  perhaps  extending  into  the  quari^Ite  is  a 
quarts  vein  5?-88  wide  carrying  gold  and  silver  ores s 
Emmons  S0'F.  40fch  Parallel  Survey  Vole  III  p«  4450  '   M 

Eureka  Oo»  is  the  next  county  west  of  White  Pino,,  Tlv..-  dt-rosi 
its  at  Eureka  have,  already  been  doscribod  under  Iead-yi.I.vei'  Ty;o<*  3 
Type  43c0  Lander  Co*  lies  next  wast  of  Eureka*  The  Tcryabe  range 
runs  through  it  from  north  to  south  and  in  its  southern  port  iorikttt 
Nye  Co,  contains  the*  Belmont  deposit  -(Type  43a)P  At  Aast.tn  whi^h  i 
80  cr  90  miles  south  of  the  Centc  pao*  R»Ro  now  fiorjn?cto:-l  irtth  l-i; 
by  a  branch,  are  the  mines  of  the  Reese  River  Diet  i  nur^,<'l  xrosr*  the 
principal  stream  near  by»  From  Mt«  Prometheus,  which  sontista  of • 
biotite  granite  or  granitite  pierced  by  a  groat  dike  of  rhyo,U.te?' 
a  western  granite  spur  runs  out  known  as  Lander  Hill*  SPh*  ere  * 
bodies  are  narrow  fissure  veins  with  a  general  northwest  fttii  south 
east  trend,  and  carrying  rich  ruby  silver  ores,  with  gray  copper ? 
galena  and  blende,  in  a  quartz  gangue  with  associated  Kto&OBhr&tilt 
and  ealeitee  They  are  also  often  faulted*  ,   •  . 

Sn^f-ns  SaP4  40th  Parallel  Survey  Vol,  III  p03496 

Elk©  Co«,  lies  north  of  White  Pine  and  Euroka  Gors  S.H£  <?-^t.;v:V.a 
the  Tuscarora  Mining  Dist«9  The  deposits  are  high  &:s'&i<D  silver  , 
ores  in  veins  in  a  decomposed  Ito^n-blende  andesits^' 
Becker  G.T.  10th  Census  Vol,  XIII.  p.  34, 

Huaiboldt  Co*  is  the  middle  one  of  the  northern  tier,,  and  oon« 
tains  a  number  of  mininfc  districts  which  produce  both  ail^or  and 
gold  from  quartz  veins  in  Mesozoic  slate-0  Small  amocur;.;;:  of  \;:,r< 
precious  metals  come  also  from  Washoo  Co0  in  the  nerthvrs»t  e^rxi-er  • 
of  the  State* 
Be-cker  G<,-P«>  10th  Censias  Volo  XIIIS  p*  35c 

Churchill  Cod  adjoins  Landor  on  the  west,  and  pcsseses  a 
silver  mines*  Esmeralda  Co.  in  the  south  west  has  a  eonsj. 
number  of  rich  silver  and  gold  mines',  which  produce  high  (gra&e 
ores  from  veins  with  a  quartz  gangue-  in  metamorphic  roa.lv?  s 
schists  etc*.  See  also  under  NickelY 

Storey  and  Lyon  are  two  small  counties  in  the  western  central 
portion  of  the  State  but  the  former  contains  the  most  i:cp;:r^ 
sLnd  interesting  ore  deposit  in  Nev.  ,  if  indeed  it  is  net  th* 
largest  and  richest  single  vein  yet  discovered* 

Type  446  Comstock  Lode,  A  great  fissure  vein,  four  ir.llss  lc:;& 


ii*sem  taa  eiuaatt   aaoio  ni&m  erf*  ri 


?.tmU  erf*  nl   8Y9<fia«rfo  10   aJ&eo 
Ido  1  /  ruiXtfinTi  nl-U) 

:.eirio  si:  e»xo   wfT.     .$fci£b&d  erf* 

<*VBrf  o*   eirgsH  rtM  -£d  *rf$i/orf*  at    tl 

eirf*  rti   eno*39ffliX  erf* 
.IBO  .veM  no*Xim6H  ni  a^ooH  atf*  Ico   anoi^oo' 

.eC^.qcIII    .XoV  Ysv^a   lolljsis1!  rfd-0*    «A 
:.    .too   ftrfor  lo   j-iAq  iwwid-xan  t   ai  norw:: 

3  &fi«  ai-JcsifiBup  siB  <io  nol^oe  ^3 

erf* 


;inn 

e&-3     «isv 


Oq[  loV  tevxire  lellmiA1!  iftK)*   , 

••lift  e^-lrflRf  lo  taew  Y^J  */OA  srf*  ai   .c 

^•sljnjj  Ad-diioaab  «eed  ^b«oilB  evsrf 

ttfS  lo  *86W  d-xerr  ^oO  lebifsJ    .&5*  « 

..-  joa  ati  rti  fin«  rftuoa  flioit  iti  ria^ 

o(s£^  ^Jtaoqefc  "©8  'erf*  8^^ 

B§  »*«eO  (v 

19VIH  seseH  sd^r  %o  aenim  erf*   S^B 
r:w   teweri*ernoicl   ,*M  moil     *xrf  •!«•«  ffi*e'f*s  laq 
-slJtJb  tsetB  B  Tjd  Jaeoieiq  e*i*J:nsi»  10  9*lnaia  e*j 
MO  arft     ,IXiH  'iejbrt«il   aa  ffworut  *uo  aron  iwqa  e*iitflii  nie 

2  *R6Vrf*ton  iBienea  *  rf*iw  aniev  eiJJaail  woitfl/t  ena  aei: 

./:.;      -     '     '      ,         '  :  .     :    ;  •   "•-'•     •••   -          ''     '*      '   '  "  /: 

Jba*eiooaaa  rf^iw  wigfu«  S*TJBWP  s  ni    fei>neld  £>nA  snelaa 

'J*JJJB^.  ite*1o  oalB  emB  xe^T          'iolBo 
de*£eq  III    cXoV  ^evii;3  XellB'xa*!  rf*0* 
>0  «^o*u/a  JbrtB  ftfii'i  9*irfW  rio  ri*'ioix  aeiX    «oC 

(irf  eiB  a*iaoqei3  erfT     ,.*aJta  aniniM  Bioi*oeir1 
•Jbrteld-n-.-orl-    fc^a^qawoef)  s  ni  artiev 

fj^£   .q   ,IIIX  .loV  ai/aneO  rf*OI    .I'.O  idie^a 
f5-xw    orf*  lo  eno  eIJbI)JOT  ori*  at   .oO 
oawboiq  rfoJtrfw  a*ei'x*ai£>  ^tmim  *lo  ie<fa». 
IXB«a     oO*BXa  oiosoaeM  ni   erciev  S*IBI/P  1>I 

srf*  ni   oOO  eorfaaW  aiofl  oala  ecnoo  sis*  •  ; 


rf*OI  ^, 

v/ot  «  saaeaaoq  btt*  f*aew  erf*  no  -sato*!  sniot**   .oO 

6  a/sri  Jaew  rf^oa  erf*  ni    .oO  BfelBiemaS     .E  isv 

^o^otq  rfoirfw  ,'aertiia  Aloa  Jbn*  levlia  rfoit  lo 

:-;oi   oidTM«*»  ^  -wnwai  «*•"»?  B  rf*iv  anlev  m°' 

ee3 


.w  erf*  ni  aeUwxoe  UBWI  ew*  eiB  noyJ  fcnB  v* 

irft  •niBtaoe  -ii«ot  erf*  *"d  e*B*3  erf*  to  rrox* 


eio  9ien 


8i   *i 

t^^ievoeaiD  *et  «^^  •Ilrtt  taerfoif  DHB 
-;t   ,«lev  ewaatt  *Bei»  A  .ebod  .Coo*^^  .** 


61 

forked  into  two  branches  above,  along  a  line  of  -faulting  in  erup- 
tive rocks  of  Tertiary  age  and  chiefly  andesiteso  In  the  centr-al 
part  of  the  vein  the  displacement  has  been  about  3000 5  shading  out 
however  at  the  ends*  The  ores  are  high  grade  silver  ores  in  -quartz 
arid  occur'  ih  great  bodies  called  bonanzas  along  the  footv/allv 
Over 'IsOO o 000 0 000  in  gold  and  silver  have  been' extracted  in  the 
ratio  of  2  of  the  former  to  3  of  the  latter*  Views  regarding' the 
geology  of  the  Comstock  have  changed  in  the  course  of  years,  and  ai 
they  have  been  influenced  by  the  successive  writings  of  veRichtho~ 
fen,  King,  Church,  Becker  and  Hague  and  Iddings,  the  points  in 
especial  controversy  being  the  determination  of  the  rock  species  » 
It  may  be  remarked  that  the  whole  scheme  of  classification  of 
our  volcanic  (effusive)  rocks  rests  largely  on  VeRiobthofen's  earl; 
studies,  and  that  perhaps  the  most  important  generalization;  of 
late  years  is  due  to  the  work  of  Hague  and  Iddings  on  the  same* 
v«Richthofen  (1865)  showed  that  the  ore  body  filled.fi  fissure  on, 
tho  contact  of  a  so-called  syenite  and  an  eruptive  rock  that  he  . 
called  pcjrpylitev  The  ore  and  gangue  are  thought  to  hava  been 
brought  up  from  below  by  solfataric  action  in  which  fluorine f chlo- 
rine and  sulphur  were  the  principal  dissolving  agents*  Clarence 
King  (1867-68  published  1870)  brings  out  $o«rsibiy  tho  fact  that 
,  the  foot  wall  of  the  vein  approximates  closely  the  natural  contin« 
uation  of  Mto  Davidson  and  contend*  that  the  vein  fills  a  fissure 
between  the  syenite  of  which  MtaDavidson  consists  and  the  late 
Tertiary  eruptive  rocks  poured  out  against  its  flanks o  He  traced 
the  geological  succession  of  these  and  the  filling  of  the  voin  froi 
solfataric  action  attendant  on  a  thin  dike  of  andesite  which  for~ 
ced  its  way  into  the  contact  fissure.   J6A. Church  (1877)  imagines 
the  diorite  (called  syenite  above)  of  Mt  Davidson  to  have  been 
poured  out  originally  in  thin  horizontal  sheets,  which  were  folded 
in  east  and  west  folds, 'This  wa^s  to  account  for  the  bedding  of  the 
of  tho  lode  as  now  seen.  On  the  diorite  was  poured  out  next  th« 
porpylite  likewise  in  successive  horizontal  sheets »  Then  they 
were  air  tilted  along  a  north  and  south  axis  and  eruptions  of  ande« 
site  penetrated  between  their  bods  in  very  large  amount a   Further 
movements  forced  the  convexities  of  the  first  formed  folds  against 
the  andesite  and  crowded  their  substance  sidewise  to  some  extent- 
into  the'  synclinals „'  This  movement  slightly  parted  the  beds, 
affording  water  courses  through  which  rose  siliceous  waters «, 
These  dissolved  away  the  neighboring  beds,  leaving  extensive  quartz 
bodies  in  their  plaoes0  They  also  remeved  the  andesitic  caps,  '*  * 

No  oro  was  formed  as  yet*  Now  followed  great  trachyte  eruptions 
on  the  east  and  loaded  down  the  hanging  wall  of  the  lode  so  heavi'l] 
as  'to  cause  a  downward  movement  of  it,  on  the  foot,  making  a  new 
series  of  openings,  and  into  these  poured  the  ore  bearing  solutions 
which  brought  the  precious  metals *  No  one  who  intelligently  follo- 
ws this  explanation  will  ftoubt  that  Mr  Church  is  a  very  ingenious 
man  and  yet  few  would  be  inclined  to  have  very  much  -confidence  in 


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63 

this  long  unnatural  hypothesis  when  a 'simpler  course  will  lead  to 
the  same  results.  At  the  time  of  Mr  Churchus  visit  the  workings 
were  becoming  very  deep,  and  the  grea<t  heat  was  manifesting  itself 
which  has  been  since  such  an  obstacle.  ,  Flooded  drifts- it  was  thou»» 
ght  had  been  noticed  to  grow  hotter  and  from  "this  the  remarkable 
hypothesis  of  kaolinization  was  eanceived,   It  was  that  the  kaolin- 
ization  of  the  feldspar  in  the  deeply  buried  rock  occasioned  the 
heat  of  the  lode.   G.F.gecker  (1879-82)  comments  on  the  excessive 
alteration  which  the  rocks  have  undergone,  as  it  figures  largely 
in  his  hypothesis  of  origin.  He  then  traces  the.  results  of  faulting 
and  shows  that  under  conditions  like  those  present  the  surface 
would  tend  to  assume  a  logarithmic  curve,  which  coincides  surpris- 
ingly well  with  the  present  outline  of  the  country.  After  describ- 
ing the  lode  itself,  the  origin  of  its  metalliferous  contents  is  • 
traced  as  follows.  Waters  under  hydrostatic  pressure  from  the 
hights  to  the  west  are  supposed  to  have  percolated  toward  tho  lode 
passing  through  deeply  buried  regions  of  heat.  They  were  probably 
diverted  from  rising  directly  through  the  lode  by  an  impervious 
clay  seam,  and  were  thus  forced  to  soak  through  the  diabase  hanging 
relieving  it  in  passage  of  tho  metals  which  were  afterwards  depoc- 
ited  in  the  higher  portions  of  the  lode.  The  metals  themselves  • 
were  probably  largely  derived  from  the  augite  of  the  rook* 

Mr  Becker  had  associated  with  himself e,  for  the  sake  of  studying 
the  heat  phenomena  (  and  especially  the  hypothesis  of  kaolinization 
and  the  electrical  manifestations  of  the  lOdeJ  Dr  Carl  Barus* 
The  results  of  Dr  Earus*  careful  experimants  throw  great  doubt  on 
kaolinization  as  a  source  of  heat.  The  electrical  experiments  were 
not  very  satisfactory  and  were  carried  on  also  at  Eureka  Nov.  No 
very  definite  results  were  reached. 

Hague  and  Iddings  after  demonstrating  that  the  forms  assumed  by 
the  various  rocks  depended  largely  on  the  dojbths  at  which  they 
solidified,  concluded  that  wthe  Comstock  Lode  occupies  a  line  of 
faulting  in  rock  of  Tertiary  age,  and  can  not  bo  considered  as  a 
contact  vein  between  two  different  rock  masses". 

Beeker  G^F,  Geology  of  the  Comstock  Lode  and  the  Washoe  Dist.  Mono- 
graph III.U.S.G.S.  Rec,   See  also  E.&  M.J.  Mar.  1.  1884 
"po  162  and  2nd  Ann.  Rep.  Director  U,S.G.S«,  Rea. 
Church  J»A.  The  Comstock  Lode,  its  Formation  and  History.  N0Y0 

John  Wiley  &  Sons.  Reviewed  E.&  M.J,  Feb. 21  1880  pc397e- 
See  also  shorter  paper-  in  the  E0&  M.J.  July  19 »  79  PO  3S> 
Deco28'78  p. 456.  £.&  M.J.  Jan.  23.  1886  p. 52 
Dec   12,   1885  p»397e 
Enga  &  Mine  Jour0  On  the  Changes  in  the  Comstock  vein  Dee.  i86  *  - 

1886.  p.  434. 

Hague  &  Iddings  On  the  Development  of  crystallization  in  tho  Igne- 
ous Rocks  of  Washoe  Nev,  etc.  Bull,  17.  U»SttG0S,   See 
also  Bull.  6.Cal.Acad.  Sci.  and  E.&  M,  J.Dec  .11,36^*4150 


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Kong  01.  40th  Parallel  Survey  Volo  III.  pj/  9» 
VtfRichthofen  Fa  Report  for  the  Sutro  Tunnel  Co,  1865 « 

The  Natural  'System  of  Volcanic  Rocks  Cal.  A«ad9  Sciv 

16?7v  als-c  Zeitsch\,dodcGeolo  GesV  1868,  663,  Abstract 

A8J.SV  II-.  45,  2670 
Raymonds  Report  a:-Jd  the  Reports  of  th&  Mirdt'c  have  numerous  other 

snort  and  less  important  papers, 

Note0   The  Steamboat  Springs  in  the  same  regions,  as  the  Comstock 
are  mentioned  under  Mercury0 

THB  REGION  Off  THE  PACIFIC  SLOPE* 

Type  45V  Oregon  and  Washington,,  Geography  and  geology  explai 
n3d  at  length  <>'  An  increasing  amount  of  gold  and  si.lver  is  being 
obtained  in  Washington,  the  former  chiefly  from  placer  mines  in.-'. 
Yaiima,  Stevens  and  Kittitas  Go9s  which  are  largely  worked  by 
Ohlnese«  VOc/ttsiderablQ  silver  is  also  obtained  in  Stevens  Co<>  in  th 
northeastern  corner  of  the  state0  In  Oregon.,  Baker  Co,  in  the  east 
em  portion  produces  the  most  and  here  there  seems  to  be  a  north- 
erly de'/eicprcsnt  of  the  Cal0  gold  belt  affording  both  placers  and 
gold-  quartz,  in  slates  and  granite*  Next  is  Grant  Go0  with  placers 
and  Josephine  Co*  with  the  came*  While  a  number  of  others  produce 
less  amount e«  In  Curry  Coc  is  found- 
Type  45aa  Port  OrforcU  Auriferous  beach  sands  at  the  foot  of 
gravel  cliffs  and  shifting  with  the  winds  and  tides*  (  Compare  - 
under  Magnetite  Type  15 ,  amd  in  the  Black  Hills  Type  38  the  Pots- 
dam shore  deposits).  They  can  only  be  reached  at  low  tide*  They 
extend  along  tho  coast  noar  the  junction  cf  Oregon  and  Cal0  in 
both  states* 

Becker  G^iFV  -10th  Census  Vol.  XII13  27* 
Blakd  WcPo  'AVJ.S.  II,  18.  156. 
Chase  AaW,  The-  Auriforous  Gravel^Doposit-  of  Gold  Bluffs  Gala*  (ja-1. 

Acad«  3ei.  lS74a  A'^J.B^  I.II0  7«'  o67» 
»«;&  M,J0  Dredging-  for  Gold  Juno  23*  1SS3.  p0  36S 
Silliman  S0  AV^30'  I  Ho  6a  132  „ 

Californiao  Geography  and  geology  explained  at  length. 
Historical  rnerrit i on  of  its  settlement  and  the  gold  excitement  of  *49 
'California's  principal  metal vproduot  is  gold,  but  quite  recently 
an  important  silver  district  has  tie  en  developed;,  3?  or  copper  see  '• 
Type  jL5a?  for  iron  sea  Type  14;,2)?  for  mercury  see  Type  55 ,  for 
chromite  see  Type  53, 

Typo  4-60  Calico  Pistoc  Deposits  of  silver  shloride  in  fissiir 
vftitts,  stsall  fra'stui'es  and  po«3<;ets  in  -liparites  and  tufaceous  sand 
stones  probably  of  the .Pliocene  Series,  They  occur  in  south  wester 
Calo  in  a- pert  ion  of  tho  state  belonging  rather  to  the  Great  Basin 
thai*  the  Pacific  Slcpe0  An  immense  outbreak  of  liparites  has  forme 
a  aeries  of  elevations  and  the  attendant  tufas  ard  extensively 

op o do   The  ore  is  thought  by  Lindgren  to  have  come  in  heated 


-sol: 
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65 

solution  from  below  and  to  have  filied  the  fissures  and  over -f lowed 
forming  the  siirfaae  deposits  in  the  tufas,  (  Compare  Silver  Cliff 
Colv  Typo  o7d)V 
Lindgren  W,  The  Silver  Mines  of  Calico  Cal.  M.'E«  15.  717, 

•';.""  '.  i-i  ':•."•'•'      '      •        rt( 

Type  47v  Auriferous  Gravels*  (1)  River  Gravels  or  placersi$ 
auriferous  gravels  in  -the  bods  of  running  streams.  These  havo  been 
of ten  referred  to  in  other  states  but  the  typo  is  placed  in  Cal »  as 
they  are  there  best  known.  They  were  the  first  gravels  washed  in 
'49  and  although  substantially  exhausted  by  1860  were  very  productive 

(Outline  of  the  -topography  of  tha  western  slope  of  the  Sierras* 
A  quite  gentle  rise  over  Mesozoic  slates  with  quartz  veins  and  high 
gravels).  The  present  streams  have  out  deep  canons  and  in  their 
bottoms  concentrated  much  of  the  heavirle,  material  of  the  higher 
gravels  and  the  neighboring  slates.  Such  concentrations  were  called 
bars  and  the  streams  were  sluiced  around  them  in  order  to  reach 
the  gravel.    (2)  Hi&h  Gravels  (or  Deep  Gravels).  Lying  above  the 
present  river  bottoms  are  found  great  bodies  of  gravels  belonging  . 
to  a  former  and  now  extinct  system  of  drainage,  doubtless  refera- 
ble to  the  Pleioeene  epochs  These  gravels  extend  for  260  miles 
along  the  Sierras  and  up  to  5000 7  above  the  sea.  They  reach  a  very 
considerable  thickness  and  often  detrital  material  to  a  thickness 
of  100*  or  more  is  removed  by  the  hydraulic  proses s.  They  must  have 
b^en  accumulated  during  a  period  of  mush  greater  rainfall  than  now. 

After  the  deposit  of  the  gravels  great  outbreaks  of  eruptive 
rocks  occurred,  covering  a  groat  part  of  them  with  a  .cap  of  basalt v 
They  -are  sometimes  mined  out  from  under  this  cap  by  tunnels. 
The  fine  cementing  material  in  the  lov/er  portions  of  the  gravels 
is  often  colored  blue  (from  FeO)  giving  origin  to  the  term  "blue 
lead"  while  the  upper  portion  is  oxidized  red  (from  Fe^O^). 

Many  trunks  of  trees  silicif ied  or  replaced  by  pyrite  or  only  - 
lignitized  occur  in  the  gravels,  also  some  bones  etc.  (Note  the  • 
Calaveras  skull)  and  leaf  impressions  in  the  clays.  Mention  of1 
other  hypotheses  of  origin  for  the  gravels  now  generally  rejected; 
from  one  great  river;  of  marine  origin;  from  glaciers,  Mention  of 
chemical-  theories  to  account  for  the  formation  of  nuggets. 
Becker  <JyF.  Notes  on  the  Stratigraphy  of  Cal.  Bull.  19.  U.'S-.G.Sv 
Blake  W,'PC  The  Various  Forms'  in  ?/hich  Gold  be  curs  in  Nature.  Repta 

of  Director  of  the  Mint.  1884,  p-.  573, 
Egleston  T8  Formation  of  Gold  Nuggets  and  Placer  Deposits.  M,E.9</63 

Working  Placer  Dep«  in  the  U.S.  •  S.of  M9Q,  VII,  101 s 
Hammond  JVH.  Auriferous  Gravels  of  Cal.  Kept,  of  Director  of  Mint 

1881o  p,  616,  reco 

Hanks  HyG.  Placer  Gold.  Kept. of  Director  of  Mint  1882.  p.7280 
Hanks  H,G0&  Irelan  W'm.  Kept,  of  the  Cal.  State  Mineralogist  Ann, 
Hunt  T0S,  on  a  reuent  Formation  of  Quartz  and  on  Silicaf icatien  in 

Calo  E0&  M.J,  May  29.  1880.  369-.       ;. 
Leconte  J.The  Old  River  Beds  of  Cal.A. J0S.III.  19.  1880,  p 


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eri^  iot  ^nx/ooea  o*  aai'xoa*** 

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tqaH   .aw^aH  ni   a-w>»o>  i>XoO  ddirfw  ni   er.no^  auoxifiV  eriT   .^.W  r 

,«V6    .-q    .^88X    ,4-niM  erid  to  lod-ootlQ  to 
.9.S.M   .a^iaoqaQ  isoaX*  Iwia  B*8M»H  MoO  to  noilaanolL  .T 

I    ellV   .P,M  to^a      .a-.f  oiU  ni    .qod  ISOB!^  s«i 
t*  tOfoeiiCI  to    .t^H  .XeO  to  aXova-v  •»!. 


.MY.q    .S88X   tlflU  to  lOJ&eiKl  to.tqeH    .bXoO  isoal*!    .-0',H 
.nnA  tai^oIa^sniM  o^a^   .IaO  ed^  to    .^qoH   .n.  W  naXet  Ha 

1  noitaj>iti)oiXi3  no  bna  s^tanp  to  noitannof  *nao»i  a  no    .a.T 


to  abdc,  i  »IO  ei 


?'»-•»«  66 

MeGillivxwty  JvJ.   The  Old  Riffer.Beds   of  the  Sierra  Nev*;   of  <Jal. 

Kept,  of  the  Dir,-  of  Mint.  1881.  p.  630. 
Murchinson  Rol*  Siluria  etc  ^Sketch  of  the  Distrib.  of  Gold  over 

-'th-a  3arth«  •«  '        •  "• 

Newborry  J;S.-  Oil  the-  Genesis  and  Distrib'.  'of  Gold,  Siof  M.Quarterly 

V01,Iir.  pv6.  E.&'Me'Jv  Dec.  24.  &  #1.  1881  Rec. 
Phillips  J.A.  Notes  on  the  Cher/u-  Geol.  of  the  Cal.  Gold  Fields.phil 

Mag-.  Vol.  XXXVI.  p.  32L/  Proev  Royal  Soc.  XVI.  294.  A.JyS. 

•IIV47.  134  o 
Silliman  B.  On  the-  Deep  Placers  of  the  South  &  Middle  Yuba  Nev.  Co. 

Cal.  Aft'J.S.'  II,.  40* 
Whitney  J.D.  Auriferous  Gravels  of  the  Sierras.  Cambridge  1880. 

Climatic  Changes  in  later  Geological  Times.  Cambridge. 

See  also  General  works  cited  on  p.  47. 


Type  48.  Gold  quartz  voins*  Beds  or  veins  of  quartz  J 
ly  described  as  segregated  veins)  in  slates  and  metamorphic  schists 
parallel  t'o  the  beddirig  (  quite  analogous  in  shape  to  the  magnetite 
beds  '(Type  13)  and  the  pyrite  dos(Type  16)  )  and  carrying  free 
gold,  auriferous  pyrites  and  other  sulphides.  Frequent  mention  has 
been  made  of  deposits  of  this  character  in  connection  with  ore 
bodies  of  a  different  character*  Those  in  Cal,  which  is  the  most- 
productive*  state  ,  are  in  the  Mesozoic  (chiefly  Jurassic)  slates 
already  referred  to  under  Type  47,  The  largest  is  the  so-called 
Mother  Lode,  which  extends  80  miles  with  a  few  breaks.  It  is  •• 
probably  a  sillcifiod  of  replaced  dolomite  (  Whitney)  as  it  often 
contains  more  or  less  ma^rv*ti^U7nrock.  The  other  quart*  voins  ai*e 
of  far  less  extent  but  furnish  very  great  amounts  of  £old-quartz« 
They  split  off  at  times  into  the  slates,  and  are  themselves  divided 
by  thin  fault  ings  of  slaty  material.  These  are  thought  by  J.D. 
Whitney  to  have  all  been  formed  during  the  metamorphism  of  the 
slates  which  was  probably  attendant  on  the  elevation  of  the  Sierras 
about  the  close  of  the  Jurassic.  Various  beds  of  rocks  that  are  • 
regarded  by  Wadsworth  as  altered  volcanic  tuf:.a  occur  with  the 
slates,  so  that  Jurassic  volcanic  action  may  have  been  a  factorv  . 
Certain  it  is  that  a  very  extensive  circulation  of  silicious  solu- 
tions was  in  progress,  and  this  probably  concentrated  the  gold  in' 
the  veins.   G.P.Becker  CUcy)  thinks  that  th«  ;\  stane  disturbanccf.:. 
which  determined  tho  existence  of  the  Coast  Range  added  the  gold-  . 
belt  proper  to  the  Sierra  Nevada*' 

Becker  GvP.  The  Quicksilver  Deposits  of  the  Pacific  Slope  p.  460v 
Slake  W,P6  Remks.on  the  Extent  of  the  Gold  Region  of  Cal.  etc. 

•  •  A.J.S.  II.  20*  72. 
Bowman.Aa  Geology  of  tho  Sierra  Nevada  in  Relation  to  Vein  Mining*' 

Raymonds  Reports.  1875.  p.  441.  •  .  »-  *• 

Corning  E.G.  The  Gold  Quartz  Mines  of  Grass  Bailey  Cal.  E.&  M.'J*1  . 

Deo0  lla  188Gi  p6"416o"  .  -         -V  • 

El<fc  MvJ.  Mines-  &  Mining  in  Ca3.«  Sep0  12e  1885.  pi  184;         *•'. 


as 


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Dewberry  J.^  On  the  Genesis  and  Distrib.  of  Gold* S. of  M.Q,.  IIIttp.l6 
*emond  A..Mining  -Statistics  No  1.  Cal.Geol.  Survey t On  Gold  Quartz 

Mines .  •' 

Phillips  -J.A.  Ore  Deposits,  p.  524.  Rec. 
Whitney  J.P.  &  others  in  the  Repts  «f  the  Qeol.  Survev  of  Gal. 

Type  49, Southern  States.  L.Gold  quartz  veins  (segregated 
ireins)  in  rne-ttamorphic  slates,  talcose  schists  etc,  of  late  Archaean 
ar  early  Palaeozoic  age,  with  associated  granite  and  s^hite  rocks 
and  trap  dikes .   (2)  Bands  of  auriferous  slates  with  pyrite.  The 
belt  of  auriferous  metamorphic  slates  really  begins  in  Md.  although 
jold  is  known  in  the  states  further  north.   It  runs  in  varying 
yidtfc  into  Ga.  reaching  its  maximum  of  70  miles  in  N.C.  and  being 
L5  miles  in  Va.*  Lieboo  the  early  state;  geologist  of  S«C,  in  the 
sapor  cited  below  from  the  Gangstudien,  divided-  the  auriferous 
ieposits  into  I.  Schists,  II.  Veins  (a)  endogenous  (b)  deparital, 
[c)  exogenous,  a  classification  of  small  value,  and  mentions  also 
an  auriferous  limestone  that  was  mined.  Kerr  (M,E,  10.  470)  roports 
the  gold  in  a  great  variety  of  associations  so  that  it  seems  Very 
generally  distributed  through  these  metamorphic  rocks,  Genth  men- 
tions it  in  a  diorito  dike. 

^lacer  deposits  arc  also  quite  wide  spread  and  were  first  worked 
Phey  however  never  attained  great  development. 

Historical  Views  and  sections. 

Blake  W.P.  ,Eaton  A.,01mstead  D., Shepherd  C.U.  and  the  older  Silli- 
nan  and  others  have  many  references  to  gold  in  the  southern  states 
Ln  the  early  numbers  of  the  Am.  Jour,  of  Soi^  . 
tavereux  W.B.  Gold  and  its  associated  minerals  at  Kings  Mtn.  N.C.  - 

E.&  M.Jour.  Jan.  15,  1881*  p.  39. 
B*&  M.Jour.  Auriferous  Slate  Deposits  of  ths  SoutHorn  Mining  Region 

June  11.  1881.  p.  397. 

lenth  P. A.  Contributions to  Mineralogy  A.J,S.  II.  28,  246. 
land  P.O.  Southern  Gold  Fields.  £,<§:  M.J.  Dec. 7.  1889.  p.  495. 
fauna  G.B.The  Fineness  of  native  Gold  in  the  Carolinas  and  Ga.  E.& 

M.Jour.  Sep.  18,  1886.  p.  201. 
Cerr  W.C,  Gold  Gravels  of  N.C.  M.E.  8.  468. 

Some  Peculiarites  in  the  oeourronce  of  Gold  in  N.C.  M.E. 

10.  475. 
[ilebe*  O.M,  Ueber  das  Gold-vorkammen  in  N.C.  Gangstudi«n«  Vol. ,5*. 

p. 253.   Liobo*  states  that  Whitney's  Metallic  Wealth  was 

written  to  "boom"  certain  Mines  !!!!•• 
•"  Gold  in  SfC.  In  Gansstudien  Vol.  III.  253.  481. 
tfall.P.H.  Auriferous  Slato  Deposits  in  Southern  Mining  Regions  M.B. 

9.  399. 
Spillsbury  E.G.  Gold  Mining  in  S.C.  M.E.  12.99*  3,&  M.J.June  23. 

1883.  p.  362. 

Appendix  to  Type  49.  Typo  49a.  Ishpemina  Mich.  Gold  quartz 
reins  in  tho  mot  amor phi c  rocks  of  the  iron  bearing  Huronian  System, 


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Kecent  developments  especially  at  tho  l?opes  mine  .  havo  shovm 
that  gold  quartz  veins  oxi«t  in  paying  quantity  in  the  same  region 
as  the  specular  hematite  mines  of  tho  Marquette  district  •  (See  Type 


E,&  M.Jour.  The  New  Mich.  Gold  Finds.  Sep.  22.°  p.  238. 

Lawton  C.D.  Aina.Rep,  of  the  Mich.  Com.  of  Mineral  Statistics  !S7pl37 

Alaska.  Geography  and  geology  outlined  as  far  as  possibles, 
The  territory  produces  nearly  a  half  million  dollars  in  sold  annu- 
ally from  placer  workings  on  tho  Yukon  River  and  from  mines  on  the 
Aleutian  Islands* 

Type  50.  Douglass  Is.  A  dike  I  or  boss  ?of  granite  400:  wide 
piercing  alates  regarded  as  Triassic  by  G.M.Dawson.  and  impregnated 
(  i»oa  the  granite)  with  auriferous  pyrites*  This  eni,<rmatical  ora 
body  is  thought  by  Dawson  to  be  the  upper  part  of  a  granite  dike, 
It  consists  in  great  part  cf  a  mass  of  quartz,  feldspar,  calcite 
and  pyrite  in  which  are  buried  the  so-called  kernels  which  have 
been  shown  by  F,  D.Adams  to  be  masses  of  less  altered  granite^  Almost 
without  the  pyrite.  Both  varieties  show  abundant  cataclastic  cr 
crashed  structure,  as  evidence  of  having  suffered  from  dynamic 
movements.  Adams  concludes  that  the  mass  was  originally  a  'horn- 
blende granite  ,and  Dawson  that  it  has  altered  by  solfatarie  cir- 
culations which  brought  in  tho  *;old.  The  gold  itself  is  in  irregu- 
lar masses  in  the  pyrite.  Tho  Troadv/ell  Mine  located  here  is  very 
extensive  and  the  chief  source*  of  the  Alaska  bullion. 
Adams  F.D.  On  the  Microscopical  character  of  the  Ore  of  the  Tread- 

well  Mine.  Alaska.  toor*.a*ol.  Aug.  1889*  p.  88. 

Dawsen  G.M.  Notes  on  the  Oro  Deposit  of  the  Treadwell  Mine  Alaska. 
Amr.  Geologyst  August  1839.  p.  84. 


SILVER*  PRODUCTION 
1850    1860 


IN  1000  DOLLARS. 


Arizona 

California 

Colorado 

Dakota 

Idaho 

Montana 

Nevada 

Now  Mexico 

Other  States 

Mexico 

Central  America 

South  America 

Australia 

Germany 

Austria 

Oilier  Countries 

Total  United  States 

Total  Foreign 


50 


1870 

1880 

1885 

1887 

2325 

3800 

3800 

1150 

2568 

1500 

16549 

15800 

15000 

40 

464 

3500 

3000 

2905 

10060 

15500 

12450 

6000 

4900 

392 

3000 

2300 

120 

190 

393 

25167 

32111 

37570 

V.  -  /O 

350 

350 

17500 

25984 

21640 

4691290 

227 

1048 

256 

5576 

5915 

995? 

1994 

2090 

2219 

4S79 

565Q 

9523 

16000 

39300 

51*00 

53433 

55351 

66345 

72219 

•* 


!t*     *•*  »    *****    **-**«$    111 


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- 


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x,Mont.   2.U01..,  3. Utah.  49Nev,. 
5*Ariz.  6. Id.  7.N.M.  8. Gal.  9. Tex.  10. Wash.  etc..  In  1888  the  total 
production  of  silver  in  the  U.S.  is  -estimated  at  $59.195.000,  and 
of  the  rest  of  the  world  $83.242.150.   These  figures  are  taken 
chiefly  from  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  U.S.  ,the  Annual  Report 
of  the  Director  of  the  Mint  and  from  the  E.&  M.Jour.  Jan.  4  1890 0 
There  is  some  discrepancy  in  the  totals  on  account  of  different 
authorities. 


1850    1860    1870    1880    1885  1G37 

Alaska                                      6     300  675 

Arizona                                  211     880  830 

California                               17151   12700  13400 

Colorado                                 2699    4200  4000 

Dakota                                   3305    3200  240010 

Georgia                                   31     136  110 

Idaho                                    1479    1800  1900 

Michigan  35 

Montana                                 1805    3300  5230 

Nevada                                  4888    3100  2500 

New  Mexico                                49     800  500 

North  Carolina                           118     152  225 

Oregon                                  1097     800  900 

South  Carolina                             13      43  50 

Utah                                     291     180  220 

Washington                                135     120  150 

Ala.  Tenn.  Va.  etc.                         43      90  22 

Central  America                         2274  150  • 

South  America                            5171    9963  10140 

Europe                                  29956   27604  23028  ' 

Africa                                   1993    2643  1919 

Australia                 240304   1923»  28765  27439  27327 

Total  U.S.          50000  46000    50000  33378   31801  33147 

Total  Foriegn                           70436  73954 
In  1887  the  States  ranked  l.Cal.  2. Mont.  3. Col.  4.Nev.  5. Dak.  6. Id. 
7.0reg.  S.Ariz.  9. Alaska.  10.N.M.  ll.N.C.  etc..  The  total  produc- 
tion of  gold  in  the  U.S.  in  1888  is  estimated  at  $33.175.000  and  of 
the  rest,  of  the  world  $72.819.150.   On  the  totals  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver in  1887  the  states  ranked  I.Mont.  2. Col.  3.Cal.  4.Nev.  S.Utah. 
6, Id.  7. Ariz.  8.N.W.  9. Dak.  lO.Oreg.  11. Alaska  etc..  These  figures 
are  taken  from  the  Reports  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  and  the 
Mineral  Resources. 
Remarks  on  Australia  and  the  Urals  as  gold  producers. 


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70 

THE  LESSER  METALS. 

The  lesser  metals  will  bo  treated  in  alphabetical  order.  Types 
will  be  made  of  important  and  well  known  deposits. 

Aluminium. 

This  metal  is  of  growing  importance  especially  in  its  alloys. 
It  is  obtained  from  coripmdum  (Al^Oj)   $eee  under  Abrasives)  s  from 
alum,  and  from  cryolite  large  quantities  of  which  are  imported  to 
Philadelphia  from  Greenland.  As  so  much  of  the  aluminium  goes  into 
alloys  no  statistics  are  available. 

ANTIMONY. 

Stibnite  Sb'5S^  Sb.71.8.  S.28.2.  Antimony  is  chiefly  valuable 
for  a  few  alloys  into  which  it  enters.   It  is  necessarily  produced 
in  small  amount  as  any  great  quantity  would  break  the  market „ 
It  sometimes  occurs  in  composition  with  silver  in  the  ruby  ores  etc 

Type  51.  Kern  Co.  Cal.  In  San  Emigdio  Southern  Cal*  is  the 
only  deposit  of  commercial  importance.  Here  is  a  large  vein  in 
granite  with  quartz  gangue,  varying  from  a  few  inches  to  several 
feet.  Its  capabilities  are  thought  good.  Several  other  deposits  are 
worked  in  a  small  way  in  San  Benito  Co.  and  a  number  of  others 
localities  are  recorded  by  Hanks.  (l»e«)>« 

v   Type  Sla.Sevier  Co.  Ark..  Stibnite  occurs  in  veins  with  quartz 
gangue  in  sandstone.  Some  antimony  ochers  «re  found  in  the  upper 
portions. 

'Type  51b,  Humboldt  Co.  Nev,  Stibnite  occurs  in  several  places 
in  Humboldt  Co.  Nev.  in  veins  with  a  quartz  gangue. 

Type  52.  Iron  Co.  Utah.  In  southwestern  Utah  some  remarkable 
deposits  of  stibnite  are  known,  occurring  as  masses  of  the  radia- 
ting needles  following  the  stratification  of  sandstones,  and  betw- 
een the  boulders  of  an  associated  conglomerate  •  Peaces  weighing 
several  tons  have  been  obtained!  According  to  Blake  it  must  have 
crystallized  probably  from  descending  solutions  in  the  sandstone 
after  the  formation  of  the  latter.  Eruptive  rocks  are  present 
above  the  sandstone.  Attempts  have  been  made  to  work  the  ore, 
always  resulting  in  failure.   Considerable  antimony  has  been 
produced  in  New  Brunswick  from  near  Fredericton  and  also  from  Nova 
Scotia.   An  interesting  deposit  of  S£]rtarmontite  «as  worked  for  a 
time  in  Sonora  Mex.  just  south  of  Arizona.   75  short  tons  were 
produced  in  Cal.  in  1887. 

Bailey  L,W.  Discovery  of  Ant.  in  N.B. .A. J.S.II.  35,  150* 
Blake  WaP.  General  Distrib.  of  Antimony  .Win. Res,  1383-84  PS641  Pec. 
Douglass  J.  The  Antimony  Deposit  of  Sonora.  E.£  M,J,  May  21* 31«p350. 
Dunnington  F,P.  The  Minerals  of  a  Deposit  of  Antimony  6res  in 

Sevier  Co.  Ark.  A.A.A.S.  1877.  Rec . 
Hanks  H.G.  Kept  Cal.  State  Mineralogist  1884. 
Zu,"  G,F,  Native  Antimony  etc.  from  Prince  William, York  Co,  N,3, 

A,J.S.  III. 30.  275.  The  paper  gives  the  re fc rennet  . 
•-\ -••:>;-•  ;—y  jrs.  The  Ant.  Mines  of  S.Utah.Proc,  Nat'l  Ac  ad   18°  0 


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71 

Wait   C.E,      Antimony  Deposits   of  Ark.   M.E.      8.    42. 

Williams  C0P.    Notes   on  the   Occurrence   of  Antimony   in  Ark.   M.E.3,150 
Qtolc&cal    SVrt/tfeij  afA^X*^***.     .(/rf  \       f  f 

ARSENIC. 

Although  arsenic  is  not  produced  in  this  country  commercially 
it  is  very  common  in  the  silver  ores  of  the  west.   It  is  produced 
in  the  form  of  the  oxide  from  the  Del  Oro  Mines  Ontario,,  .from  aurif- 
erous mispickel, 
Mineral  Resources.  1883-84.  p.  656. 

BISMUTH. 

Bismuth  is  known  -in  various  Col»  mines  in  the  Sas  Juan  Dist. 
(See  Type  37),  Some  small  amounts  have  been  experimentally  extract 
ted.  Lane's  Mine  at  Monroe  Conn,'  is  an  interesting  locality  for 
native  bismuth  in  quartz, 
Mineral  Resources.  U.S.  •  1885.  p.  389. 


CHROMIUM. 

Chromite  (PeO,  pr$0s.  Pe^0?).  Cr^  0^  68,  Although  chromium  is 
is  not  used  in  the  metallic  state,  it  is  an  important  chemical 
reagent  and  pigment  and  gives  a  great  hardness  to  steel.  The  min- 
eral chromite  is  its  universal  source.  This  is  found  in  connection 
with  those  serpentine  rocks,  which  are  probably  altered  peridotites 
and  in  general  with  rocks  rich  in  magnesia.  Extensive  developments 
of  serpentine  occur  near  N.Y.  City,  with  disseminated  chromite 
(New  Rochellj'*  The  presence  of  chromium  in  Staten  Island  limonite 
Type  la.  has  already  been  mentioned. 

Type  53.  Ohromite  in  Serpentine,  In  Southeastern  Penm.  and 
the  adjacent  parts  of  Md«  the  serpentines  are  very  extensive  and 
have  afforded  considerable  ohromite  in  the  "etgst,  ^  making  Baltimore 
the  center  of  its  manufacture.  The  chromite  occurred  in  masses 
interbedded  in  the  serpentine.  Other  deposits  are  reported  from 
N.Co   But  the  present  almost  exclusive  producer  in  Ctil,  and  several 
thousand  tons  are  annually  obtained  from  Del  Norte,  San  Luis  Obispo 
Placer  and  other  counties.   It  is  very  generally  distributed  in  the 
Cal,  serpentines  .  Traces  of  nickel  minerals  almost  always  also 
seen.  3000  long  tons  of  chromite  wore  produced  in  Cal*  in  1887. 
Chester  P,D.  Arm.  Rept.  Penn.  Survey  1887.  pp.  93,.  105. 
Day  D.T.  Mineral  Resources  U.S.  18S2  p. 428.  1883-84  p.  567.  Rec. 

1885.  p.  357.  1886.  p.  176.  1887.  p.  132. 

Parser  P.  The  Northern  Serpentine  Belt  in  Chester  Co.  Pa.M  .E,12034? 
Williams  G.H.  The  Gabbros  and  associated  hornblende  rocks  near 
Balto.  Bull.  28.  U.S.G.S.  pp.  50-59. 

COBALT. 
(  SSe  under  NICKEL ). 


IV 

.S£   .8      .£.M   .<*rA  lo  8*iaoqe<I  xnonriJfiA      ,3,0   j 
M!*&9l«il   .jfiA  ni   YrfomxJrtA  lo   9«T9Y«i;3oO   sr[*  no   aeJotf   .3,0  annex  XI  iW 


.DIHS3HA 

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si   *I      ,  Ja9W  erfJ  le   ee*JO  tevlia   or*?  ni  nomnoo 
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ifoiqaxni 
.  aeotuoeefl  Ia*xen 


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3  erft  itl  aenxm  *XoO  BJ/OXISV  rti  nwomC  si 

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•jo'l  x^i^eool  grtitssie^ni  HB  ax    .nnoO  eoirroM  JB  eniM  8*9nflJ 

rrx  rf^umaxd 


al  flft/itfoid*  ifsiforf^IA   .83   50  ,jiO    .{,0^ 

iBoxaerio   ^nsd-ioqral  ns   ai  ">x  r»^«fli  erf^  rrx  fc^aw  j-on  aJt 

-nxm  p;fT   .Xeota  o^  88»nx)iaii  ^a«iB  »  aevlg  fcns  .tfteinaxq  has 

f)  ni  Lrttrol  ai   axrfT  .eoii/oa  Ifiaievim/  a^l   el   eJxmoirfo 

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alnomqolevel)  evxaxi9tx?T     .alaMpn  rrx  rioii  tsieoi  ritxw  Isienas  nx  r.is 
e^xmoirlo  bd^snimQaaxi)  rl^xw   «^^xD    ,Y.M  -raen  11/000   enitfreq^®^  lo 
•txnomxl  brtfilal  ns*«t8  rtl  corxmofrfo  lo   do/teaaiq  erfT     ^C-irerfoo.0!  woM) 


me*aa«ri^i/o8  «!    .erri^noqnea  ni   e^JtmoirfO   . 
sviano^xe  ^i«v  eis  iiprllggfiea  erf*   .JbM  lo  atrrcq 

.  ni   s^irnoirio  tXd«*xeJblM»o  bcbiollB  e 

aeaaem  ni  bix/ooo  e^ira'  .  ewHaYbWatt  a^i  ^o  ^o3-/teo  erf* 

erf*0    ,enx*«eqiea   erf*  rrf 

jj«>xe  *aom£«  *f»««iq 

oqaxdO   siirJ  na2   te*ioM  leCI  mofT:  l)orrxfi*do  Yll«i/ftnfi  ei« 
erf*  nx  fc©**idii*ax6  xllats/fos  YTOV  si   *I      .BexJrtjjoo  ietl*o  l>fia  leoal^ 
osls  ayswlB  Jaomla  alaicnira  Is^oin  lo  a«o«*tT  .   i«ftx*rfeq*c98   « 
•  V88I  ni    .IBO  /fx   beouljoiq  e-rov  e^imonrfe  lo  »no*  BfioJ.  .rf9ea 

.601  ,t£   ,qq   .T88I     tov*u/8    .ffne<!   .JqeH   .rrn/. 


*q    .V88I    ,9YI    .q    .3881    , 
.B*!   .oO  ie*aerfO  ni  *Io3  onx*neqn:e8  morfJioW  erflf 
83fooi   ebneldmorf  be*flt»os*s  b-fia  aoiddsD  erfT   .H.D  anueilXxW 

.ea-oa  .qq  .a.c.a.u  .ss  .litre 


72 

MANGANESE. 

Pyrolusite     MnQ^      Mn    63.2 
Brauiiite       Mn^O^ 

There  are  also  psilomeli&ne  and  various  hydroxides  and  earthy 
deposits.   Franklinite  mentioned;  see  under  zinc.  Type  28. 
Manganese  ores  generally  occur  in  much  the  same  way  as  limonite 
and  often  associated  with  it.  The  ores  are  known  in  almost  wvjry 
state  but  are  worked  in  but  few.  About  45X  metallic  Mn  should  at 
least  be  present  and  for  spiegeleisen  there  should  be  but  little 
phosphorus,  The  deposits  of  the  New  England  states  especially  in 
Vt.  and  Mass,  deserve  mention,  the  ore  being  in  much  the  same 
association  as  the  limoni  tea.  Type  2a.  The  ores  from  the  franklin- 
ito  deposit  (Type  28)  after  being  deprived  of  their  zinc  are  smel- 
ted for  spiogel. 

Type  54.  Orimora  Va.   In  Virginia  the  most  productive  mines 
aro  found.  The  largest  are  the  Crimora  Mines  in  Augusta  Co.. 
They  occur  in^elliptical  basin  ,  hollowed  out  of  Potsdam  sandstone, 
and  filled  with  beds  of  sand  and  clay.  Nodules  of  concretionary 
psilomelane  are  found  scattered  through  the  clay«T  The  original 
source  of  the  ore  is  doubtless  the  lower  members  of  the  Middle 
Cambrian  (Auroral)  consisting  of  ferriferous  shalest  Lime  was 
probably  the  precipitating  agent.   In  northwestern  Ga«  near  tha 
town  of  Cartexflrille  are  tho  next  most  productive  mines.  Here  like 
wise  tho  ore  occurs  in  superficial  deposits  of  sand&'andl  achroous- 
dirt,  resting  on  the  Potsdam.  Both  pyrolusite  and  psilomelane  are 
found. 

Type  54a.  Batesville  Ark.  Recent  developments  have  brought  to 
light  extensive  deposits  of  manganese  ores  in  two  districts  in  Ark. 

The  first  centers  around  Batesville  in  the  northern  central  part 
of  the  state.  The  oro  is  in  two  forms  of  deposit,  first  as  boulders 
like  those  already  mentioned  above,  distributed  through  diluvial 
clay  etc.  resting  on  Subcarboniforous  limestone,  Tho  ore  was  prob- 
ably derived  from  veins  originally  in  the  limestone  and  set  free 
by  its  weathering.  The  second  class  of  deposits  consists  of  nod- 
ules of  manganese  oro  buried  in  a  red  matrix  of  silicious  iro?i  ore 
that  underlies  the  Sub  carboniferous  limestone  referred  to  above. 

The  second  manganese  area  is  in  southwestern  Ark.  and  contains 


trtie  veins]  -aad  pockets.  Forthcoming  publications  of  the  Ark. 
Geol.  Survey  willl  probably  fully  describe  these  as  well  as  the 
Batesville  district.  The  presence  of  manganese  in  the  Qogebic 
hematites  has  already  been  referred  to  (Type  9e)  also  at  Butte 
Wont*  (Type  17.  p.  28).  Mention  should  also  be  made  of  Red  Rook, 
San  Francisco  Harbor,  and  ©f  the  New  Brunswick  and  Nove  Scotia 
Mines.   34524  long  tons  of  manganese  ore  were  produced  in  1887. 
Day  !>.?.  Mineral  Res.  1882.  p.  424.  1883-84  p.  550. 
EO&  M.J.  Creraora  Manganese  Mines.  Va.  Mar.  22.  1890. 
Hoy  H.Ores  of  Manganese  and  their  use  Proe.  Nova  Scotia  Inst.  Nat,  ' 
Sci.  1864.  p.  139  "•    .  .-.  .....  .  /.   .    -,  ' 

tfeeks  J.D.  Mineral  Resources  1885,  p.  303.  Rec  1886.-p.l80.1§87  p.  144 


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75 

MERCURY. 

Cinnabar  HgS  Hg    86.2         S,   13,8 

Wetaciunabavite   is  a  black  sulphide  of  Mercury.  Native  mercury 
also  occurs. 

Mercury  deposits  a^e  found  in  workable  quantity  in  the  U»Sr 
only  in  California  and  in  one  locality  in  Nevada.   In  all  cases 
cinnabar  is  the  princi^T®.  ore.   The  Cal.  deposits  are  limited  to 
the  Coast  Range  and  seom  to  have  followed  great  basaltic  eruptions 
of  Post-pliocene  age « 

Type  55,  New  Ajtaiadexi.  Cinnabar  with  subordinate  native  mer- 
cury in  a  gangue  of  crystallized  and  chalcedonic  quartz,  calcite, 
dolomite  and  magnetite,  forming  a  stockwerk  or  "chambered  vein"  in 
shattered  rnatamorphic  rocks (pseudodiabase,  pseudo-diorito,  serpen- 
tine and  sandstone).  There  are  two  main  fissures  forming  a  sort  -of 
!7  with  a  wop.se  of  country  rock  between.  The  ore  bodies  are  in  the 
fissures  and  also  in  the  intervening  wodge  and  V.ivo  associated 
tfith  them  much  attrition-clay*  A  great  dike  of  rhyolite  runs 
nearly  parallel  to  the  fissures  and  to  this  Booker  attributes  the 
activity  of  circulation  which  filled  the  vein,  Now  1'dria  is  fur- 
ther south  high  up  toward  the  summit  of  the  Coast  Range*  The  ©re 
is  deposited  in  shattered  rno.tomorphio  recks  of  Neoeomian  (Lower 
Cretaceous  )  Age  and  in  ovorlying  Chico  beds,  Tho  ore  is  accomp- 
anied by  bitumen.  Basalt  is  abundant  10  miles  away.  North  of  San 
Francisco  other  mines  have  boon  opened,  among  them  the  Oat  Hill, 
Sroat  Eastern  and  Great  Western.  The  mines  are  situated  in  a 
region  pierced  by  eruptions  of  basalt  and  andosite  whioh  doubtless 
gave  impetus  t©  the  ore  bearing  solutions.  The  ores  are  deposited 
in  both  metamorphic  and  unaltered  sedimentary  rocks  % 

Type  55a.  Sulphur  Bank.  This  is  in  tho  same  general  region  as 
tho  last  but  has  been  from  its  peculiar  character  one  of  the  best 
known  of  ore  deposits.. A  great  flow  of  basalt  has  come  down  t©  the 
shores  of  Clear  Lake  from  the  v;ost.  Waters  charged  with  alkaline 
{  including  ammonia)   carbonates,  chlorides,  berates  and  sulphide: 
and  with  CO.,  H^S,  SO^  and  marsh  gas  havo  circulated  through  it. 

Sulphur  and  sulphuric  acid  havo  formed  at  the  surface  and  the 
latter  has  dissolved  tho  basos  of  the  rook  leaving  puro  \?hito  * 
3 a  behind.   Lower  down  cinnabar  is  found  both  in  the  basalt  and  in' 
the  underlying  sedimentary -rocks  .with  Ofehoi?  .sulphides  and  oh&loed- 
ony.   Leoonto  attributed  its  precipitation  t©  tho  cold  surface 
waters  charged  with  sulphuric  acid,  trickling  down  and  ciaetittg  the 
hot  alkaline  solutions  *  Becker  attributes  the  same  to  the  aisraonia 
set.  free  toward  tho  surface  by  doninirhod  heat  and  pressure-. 

Typo  55t>9   Stcambsat  Springs  Hov.   These  are  in  Nevada  only  six 
•nil.es  frpm  the  Cemstoek  Lode.   Granite  is  the  principal  rock,  while 
on  i-t,  j  i&  the  metamorphic  rocka  of  the  Jura^Trias  and  rmch  jrr.de site 
and  oasa'i'.t  ^  Vhc  liot  springs  couiii^g  up  through  small  fissure 
'       chalucdony  in  come  places,  carboiioites  in  ethers,  rith  oinn-- 
MS  i7v:iii  rs  GG'ld  "fciuIphicLcs  of  fcrsenio,  antinonjr^  sulphides  or 


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74 

sulpho-aalts  of  silver,  load,  copper  and  zinc;  iron  oxide  and  pos- 
sibly iron  sulphides;  and  manganese,  nickel  andcobalt  compounds  and 
a  variety  of  earthy  minerals  " (Becker).  Becker  thinks  the  source 
of  the  cinnabar  is  in  all  cases  in  the  underlying  granite  and  that 
it  has  come  up  in  solution  with  sodium- sulphide,  and  has  been  pre- 
cipitated toward  the  surface  by  the  other  compounds  in  the  hot 
alkaline  waters  with  which  it  would  remain  in  solution  at  greater 
depths,  temperatures  and  pressure.  The  Steamboat  Springs  are  often 
cited  as  metalliferous  veins  in  active  process  of  formation. 

The  Gal.  cinnabar  deposits  have  been  often  referred  to  vapors  of 
the  sulphide  volatilized  by  internal  heat  and  condensed  above.  . 

33825  flasks  (  76  1/2  Ibs  each)  or  2.607.613  Ibs  were  produced 
in  1887,  almost  all  from  Cal.*  The  highest  production  ever  reached 
in  the  UaS0  was  in  1877  of  79396  flasks.  The  amount  varies  greatly 
.from  year  to  year, 

Blake  W0P,  Quicksilver  Mine  at  Almaden.  Cal.  A.J.S.  11,17*  438. 
Becked  G0P.  Quicksilver  Deposits  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  Monograph 

XIII.  U.S.G.S.  Chap.  17.  Rec. 
Ca$.  Geol,  Survey  I. p. 68.  On  Nev  Almaden, 
Christy  S.B,  On  the  Genesis  of  Cinnabar  Deposits  A.J.S.  June  1379. 

pv453*  E8&  M.J,  Aug.  2.  1879.  p.  65. 
de  Cortazar  D,  General  Review  of  Occurrence  etc.  of  Mercury, 

Reports  &  Awards  £*p  I.  Centennial  Exposition  p,  196. 
Laur,  On  Ste-amboat  Springs.  Ann  des  Mines  1863,  423, 
Leconte  Jo&  Rising.  Metalliferous  Vein  formation  at  Sulphur  Bank* 

A',J«S.  July  1882.  E.&  M.J.  Aug.  26.  1882  .  p,l09. 
Leconte, J.  On  Steamboat  Springs.  A.J.S.  June  1883  p.  424 * 

•Genesis  of  Metalliferous  Voins  A.J.S.  July  1883. 
Phillips  J,A.   On  Sulphur  Bank  Cal.  Phil.  Mag.  1871.  401,  Quar. 

Jour.  Geol.  Soc,  35.  390.  1879. 
Silliman  B.  Notes  on  the  New  Almader,  Quicksilver  Minos.  A.J,S.  II 

38.  190. 

Siveking,   B,&  H.  Zeit.  1876.  p.  45. 
Rolland.  Ann.  des  Mines  XIV.  385.  1878. 

NICKEL  AND  COBALT. 

These  two  metals  almost  always  occur  together. 
Millerite          NiS  NI.64.4        S.35,6 

Niccolite          NiAs          Ni-  44.0        As  56.0 
Linnaeite          Co*S>,         Co. 58.0        S.42.0 


o 


Also  in  small  percentages  in  pyrrhotite,  and  a  fow  oxidized 
compoundSo  - 

Type  16d.  (See  p.  26).  Pyrrhotite  beds.   Lenticular  masses  of 
pyrrhotite  interbedded  in  gneisses  and  schists  as  described  for 
pyrite  p026.   They  are  known  at  various  places  i#  the  east* 
Openings  have  been  made  at  Lowell  Mass,  Chatham  and  Torrington  Ct« 
and  Anthony's  Nose  N,Y.,  the  last  in  search  of  pyrite  for  sulphuric 
acid.   NickelQC  ^'.vs  up  to  3X  of  the  ore,  but  these  mines  have  never 


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amounted  to  much.   Recently  at  Sudbury  Can.  mines  originally  opened 
for  copper  have  been  found  rich  in  nickel.   Great  beds  of  pyrrho- 
tite  as  much  as  1601  across  have  been  opened  up,  in  Huronian  sch- 
ists associated  with  diorite  dikes.  They  promise  to  be  very  pro- 
ductive. Some  chafr&opyrite  occurs  with  the  pyrrhotite. 

See  literature  under  Type  16. 

Crodner  H,.  On  Anthony's  Nose  B.&  H.Zeit.  1866.  p«  17. 
Eustis  -W,E.G,  The  Nickel  Ores  of  Orford  Quebec'-;.  M.E,  6i  209. 
Petors  E.D.  The  Sudbury  Oro  Deposits  M.E.  1889.  Ottawa  Meeting, 

Type  16o.  Gap  Mine.  Lancaster  Go.  Penn.  A  groat  wedge  or  lense 
of  hornblende  rock  appears  to  be  hero  enclosed  in  mica  schists,  for 
a  space  from  6'  to  30 f  it  is  impregnated  with  millorite,  chaloo~ 
pyrite,  siderite  quartz  etc.,  The  millerite  occurs  as  a  coating, 
lining  cracks.  This  has  boon  described  as  a  body  of  pyrrhobito 
but  Eraser  makes  no  mention  of  this  mineral,  A  groat  trap  'diko  is 
near. 

Blake  W.P.  Mineral  Resources,  -1882.  p.  399. 
Eraser  P.  Rapt.  COG  2nd  -Ponn.  Survey 5  p.  163, 

Type  23a.  Mine  la  Motto.  Considerable  pyrite  occurs  vrith  the 
lead  ores  mentioned  under  Type  -23.  and  this  is  separated  in  the 
oro  dressing  and  treated  by  itself  as  it  ctmtains  nickel  and  oobalt. 

Such  pyrito  is  most  r.bundant  at  Mino  la  Motto  and  considerable 
matte  is  made  and  shipped  abroad.  The  siogenite  in  Potsdam  sand- 
stone is  interesting  but  not  rich  enough  to  b*  available  practically. 

See  under  Type  23, 
Noill  J.M.  Notos  on  tho  Treatment  of  Nickel  and  Oobalt  Mattes  at 

Mino  la  Motto.  M.E.  XIII.   634. 

Numerous  othor  localities  of  nickel  ores,  chiefly  of  an  oxi- 
dized  character  have  been  reported,  as  at  Webster,  Jackson  Co»  N» 
in  the  olivene  rock,  dunite;  in  Nov.  at  tho  Lovelock  Minos , Chur- 
chill Co.,  and  near  Riddle  Station  Douglass  Go.  Oregon,  At  the 
latter  place  the  ores  are  hydrated  silicates  of  magnesium  and 
nickel  associated  with  serpentines  (  which  are  derived  from  an 
altered  Alivine  rock),  These  nickel  minerals  are  doubtless  an 
alteration  produat  from  olivt'ie*  Niokeliferous  pyrrhotite  is  re- 
ported in  the  neighboring  Go,  Jackson,  at  Rook  Point  %  Nickel  ores 
have  also  been  reported  from  Saline  Co.  Ark*.  Millorite  occurs  in 
a  vein  with  quartz  gangK*.  in  black  shales.   It  is  not  yet  practi- 
cally productive.  Nickel  is  also  reported  in  a  rather  fine  con- 
glomerate from  Logan  Go.  Kan.,  It  occurs  with  manganese  and  limori- 
ite  in  the  cement  material  of  the  rock.  183125  Ibs  of  metallic 
niekel  were  produced  in  18*?7,  m-T^e.  i^-S, 
Ark.  Geol.  Survey  1888.  Vol.  I.  P.  34-35." 

Dcwey  P.P..  On  the  Nickel  Oro  of  Russell  Spr.  Logan  Co»  Kan.  M  E.17. 
Hodges.  A.D.  Note  on  the  Occurrence  of  Nickel  and  Cobalt  in  Nov«  li. 

E.  10/657. 

Mineral  Resources  1887.  126 

Newberry  S.B,  Nickel  Ores  from  Nev.  A.J.S.  HI.  28.  122* 
Wurtz.H-.  On  the  Occurrence  of  Cobalt  &  Nickel  in  Gosten  CooN,C>  A 
J.S.  II.  27.  24. 


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76 

TIN. 

-ter.te        SnOL  Su,  78.67  0.21.33 

The  sulphide  stannite,is  a  rather  rare  mineral. 

Cassiterite  occurs  In  small  stringers  and  veins  on  the  borders 
of  granite  knobs  or  bosses  either  in  the  granite  itself  or  in  the 
adjacent  rocks  in  such  relations  that  it  is  doubtle.ss  Hte-.-  result 
of  fumarole  action  consequent  to  the  intrusion  of  granite.* 

It  would  appear  that  the  tin  oxide  may  have  been  forme  a  from  the 
fluoride.  A  favorite  rock  for  the  ore  ia  th«  so-«alled  greisen  a 
mixture  of  quartz  and  muscovite  or  lithia-miaa  and  probably  an 
l  granite  Altered  by  fumarole  action.  Topaz,  tourmaline, 
e^ca'issTterite  indicating  fluorit  and  boras ic  fumarole s. 
Cassiterite  seems  also  to  crystallize  out  of  a  granite  magma  with 
the  other  mineral*'*'  Cassiterite  being  a  very  heavy  mineral  also 
accumulates  in  stream  gravels  like  gold,  affording  the  stream  tin* 
When  of  concentric  character  it  is  called  wood  tin. 

Type  56*  Black  Hills.  Knobs  of  granitic  rock  containing  cas~ 
siterite  disseminated  in  a  mass  of  albite  and  mica  or  associated 
•with  iimdnse  crystals  of  spodumene,   Columbite,  tantalite  and  beryl 
are  also  found,,   There  are  t\7o  granite?  knobs  which  are  best  known* 
the  Etta  and  thfc  Ingersoll.  The  former  is  a  conical  hill  250 L> 
high  by  150*  x  200*,  piercing  mica  and  garnetiferous  slates* 

Tunnels  show  it  to  hav*  a  concentric  structure,  first  a  zone  of 
mica,  second  a  zone  of  great  spodumene  crystals  with  albite  "  groin. 
sen0  and  Cassiterite  in  the  interstices,  and  lastly  a  mixture  of 
quartz  and  feldspar  as  a  core.   Other  tin-bearing  granites  occur  as 
dikes  as  much  as  80*  wide,  and  bearing  the  so-called  greisen  and 
tin  ore  in  quartz.   They  are  called  segregated  volns  by  Carpenter 
who  doubts  thifer  igneous  character,  probably  on  good  grounds. 

No  tin  is  yet  commercially  produced.  The  tin  deposits  extend 
also  into  "TTyo.. 
Blake  T7«P.  Mineral  Resources .  1334-84-  p.  602.  See. 

A.J.S.  Sep.  1883.  p. 235.   E.&  M.J.  Sep.  3.  1883. 
i.     Tin  Ore  Deposits  of  the  Black  Hills.  M.E.  13.  691. 
Carpenter  ?,R.  Prelim.  Rep.  of  Dak.  Sch.  of  Mines.  1838. Also  M.E. 

17.   570. 

E.&  M.J.  Tin  in  the  Black  Hills.  Nov.  29*  84.  p. 358.  Nov.6.86.p.325 
Mineral  Resources  in  General  under  Tin. 

Tin  ores  as  stream  tin  have  been  found  in  gold  washings  in 
Mont.. and  Idaho.   It  is  also  known  in  the  Temessal  Mtns.  southern 
Calt^iooording  to^iiP  in  various  small  ve inlets  in  a  granite  region,, 
This  locality  attracted  much  interest  years  ago  but  has  never 
yielded  any  practical  results. 
Blake  W8P.  Occurrence  of  Wood  Tin  in  Cal.  Idaho  and  Mont.  Mining 

•  and  Scientific  Press.   Aug.  5.  1862.  5 :•.»;„  T^V,:«M.  r-u  t'J , 
Hanks  H.tJ.  Cal.  State  Mineralogist.  Ropt.  1384.  p.  121. 
Re -Terence  to  the  Missouri  tin  swindle. 
Narrow  veins  carrying  cassiterite  are  being  exploited  in  the  gran-. 


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77 

1>'L 

itic  and  schistose  rocks  of  Rockbridge  and  Nelson  Co.sVa.^N.C.  and 
in  Alae  and  companies  have  been  formed  to  work  the  two  former. 
Campbell  H.D.  Tin  Ore,  Cassiterite,  in  the  Blue  Ridge  in  Va.  "The 

Virginias"   Oct.  1883. 
Ledoux  A*R.  Tin  in  N,C.*B.&  M.J.  Dec. 14.  89.  p. 521.  See  also  Feb. 

1887.  polll. 

McCrcath  and  Platt.  Bull.  Iron  &  Steel  Assoc.  Nov.  7/83  p*209. 
Robertson  Wo  London  Mining  Jour.  Oct.  18.  1884. 
Winslow  Ao  Tin  Ore  in  Va,  E,&  M.J.  Nov.  7.  1885.  Rec.        .  .,. 

Cassiterite  has  been  discovered  in  narrow  veins  in  mica  aeh-' 
ists,  with  l«?pidolite  and  flu^ite,  at  Wins  low  Me.  and  is  known  at 
other  places  in  Me.  and  N.H. , 
Blake  WCP6  Mineral  Resources  1884.  p. 59 8. 
Hitchcock*  C0H.  Discovery  of  Tin  Ore  and  Emery  at  Winslow  Me.  E,& 

M»J«   Oct.  2.  1880,  p,218. 
Hunt  T,S.  Remarks  on  the  Occurrence  of  Tin  Oro  at  Winslow  Me.  M.E. 

1.  373. 

Jackson-  C9T.  Tin  Ore  at  Winslow  Me.  Proe .  Best.  Soc.  N.H«  XII »  267. 
A  -jp.  Remarks  on  the  geographical  "distribut'ioh'of  "tho"  western  Ibre 
deposits*   General  Review  of  the  region  of  the  Cordilleras  on  the 
western  border  of  the  country.  Elevated  Plateau  rising  from  the  . 
Mississippi  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  Hango,  then  various  ranges  of 
general  north  and  south,  or  north  wost  and  south  oast  trend  with 
broad  valleys  between,  then  the  Colorado  plateau;  then  theWahsatch, 
then  the  Great  Basin,  with  various  subordinate  north  and  south  ran- 
g  es,  then  the  Sierra  Nevada,  then  the  great  valley  of  California, 
thon  the  Coast  Range,  finally  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Prom  tho  Archae- 
an t©  the  elose  of  the  -Carboniferous-  there  were  granite  islands 
around  which  active  sedimentation  proceeded.  At  the  elose  of  the 
Carboniferous  the  elevation  of  the  Wahsateh  and  the  region  of 
eastern  Nevada  occurred.  At  the  close  of  the  Jurassic  the  eleva- 
tion of  tB»  Sierra  Nevada  took  place.  The  elevation  of  the  Rooky 
Mountain  system  came  at  the  close  of  the  Cretaceous,  and  of  the 
Coast  Range  at  the  close  of  the  Miocene  Tertiary.   Smaller  and 
unimportant  oscillations  have  occurred  since.  Each  elevation  was 
accompanied  bij  foldings,  fault ings  and  extensive  uutpourincs  of 
eruptive  rocks.  ;These  fraoturs  and  the  solfatar*  ic  action  result- 
ing from  the  dying  volcanic  activity  constitutes  the  primary  eausc 
of. the  formation  of  the  ore  deposits  which  in  some  cases  lie  in 
ranges  along  the  lines  of  faulting  or  disturbance;  in  others  are 
irregularly  scattered.  We  can  recognize  the  Coast  Range  belt  with 
Mercury  and  Chromium,  the  California. Gold  belt  in  the  western  Sier- 
.ras,  the  Silver  belt  ef  Utah  on  the  western  flank  of  the  Wahsatch, 
and  a  belt  in  Arizona  from  south  east  to  north  west  on  the  contact 
between  Palaeozoic  limestone,  mostly  Carboniferous,  and  the  Arch- 
aean0  Tho  other  areas  are  scattered  and  apparently  exhibit  nofsuch 
grand  general  relations  to  these  geographical  and  geological  dis- 
turb an0es0 


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V 
V  78 

Becker  G.F.  Amer.  Jour,  Sei,  III.  Series  Vol.  28.  1384  ;\  P-  209- 
Blako  YJ. P.-  Report.  Cal;  State  Board  of  Agriculture  1886.  £- 
Emmons  S.F,  The  Structural  Relations  of  the  Ore  Deposits. sM.  33*  16. 804 
Raymond  R.^T.  Geographical  Distribution  of  Mining  Dist.  inNfhe  u»s  - 

M.E.  I.  33*   •  i  i 

40th  Parallel  Survey.  Vol.  Ill*  Chapter  1.  ,'  1  '< 

10th.  Census.  Vol.  XII  Precious  Metals* 

"\ 

A  fcv;  general  conclusions  suggest  themselves  from  the  |?r ^ced- 
ing pages.  ^ 

(1)  The  extreme  irregularity  in  the  shape  of  metalliferou^ 
sits  (instances  cited)  and  from  this  the  unwisdom  of  the  U.S. 
in  the  west  which  is  based  on  fissure  veins*  The  only 
method  is  that  a  man  should  own  all  that  is  embraced  in 
erty  lines  whether  tho  ore  body  outcrops  outside  or  not. 
location  is  the  square  thing"  (  Raymond). 

(-i.)  The  very  general  proximity  of  eruptive  rocks  in  some  forn$ 
to  the  oro  bodies.  Except  in  the  case  «f  iron^  -there  are  only  a 
\rhero  these  are  not  present  and  apparently  strong  factors  in  thp 
circulation  which  formed  the  ore.  The  lead  and  zine  deposits  of 
eastern  and  western  Missouri  and  the  neighboring  states,  and  cf 
New  York  and  Virginia  are  almost  the  only  ones,  and  we  are  justi- 
fied in  concluding  that  eruptive  rocks  are  of  great  importance. 

(3) .  We  know  from  the  invest ications  of  Sandberger  and  others 
that  the  dark  silicates  of  many  rocks  contain  percentages  of  the 
common  metals.  The  choice  is  open  whether  to  refer  our  ©re  to 
original  dissemination  in  those  and  derive  it  by  gradual  concentra- 
tion probably  at  great  depths,  or  to  acme  indefinite  unknown 
source . 


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79 

*<*  .-4 

THE  CARBON  SERIES. 
Peat— Lignite'— Coal — Graphite— Petroleum— Asphalt — Natural  Gas»  , 

General  description  of  the  condition  of  the  vegetable  growths 
on  the  surface  today,  formed  of  C.  H.  0.  N.  Cellulose?  C^H/005-8 
Unless,  however,  the  fallen  vegetation  is  protected  by  water  it 
decays,  passes  into  gases,  and  leaves  only  the  small  mineral  resi- 
due contained  in  it  behind,ra  slow  combustion  with  a  small  ash» 
Swamps  are  the  chief  places  for  the  collection  and  conservation  of 
vegetable  tissue.  Freshets  and  floods  collect  also  and  bury  much 
in  the  deltas  of  streams.   (  Dismal  Swamp,  Red  River  Raft,  Missis- 
sippi Delta  ). 

Newberry's  Illustrative  Diagram,  (  Slightly  Abridged) » 

Plant  Tissue, 

Residual  -Products*  Evolved  Products. 

Peat.  Carbonic  Acid  CO^ 

Lignite.  ^  -^'Carbonic  Oxide  CO 

Bituminous  Coal.  p  £~jCarburetted  Hydrogen 

Semi -Bituminous  Coal.     .  f  £  /and  other  hydrocarbon  gases. 
Anthracite,  ^  water. 

Graphitic  Anthracite.  f  Asphalt. 

Graphite.  Petroleum  < 

Ash.  (  Asphaltic  Coals , 

Bailey  J.TT,  On  the  detection  of  Spinally  dotted  or  Scalariform  Ducts 

•  etc.  in  Anthracite  Coal.  A.J.S.  II.  1.  407. 
Bunker  J.M.  Vegetable  Origin  of  Anthracite.  A.J,S«-  I.  24,  172. 
Cooper  F.  New  Theories  of  the  Formation  of  Coal.  £.&  M.Jour.  Aug» 

13.  1881.  p. 103. 
Dawson  J.W.  On  the  vegetable  Origin  of  Coal..Proc.  Geol,  Soc. 

London.  Vol.XV.  626.  A.J.S.  II.  31.  290. 

On  Spore  Cases  in  Coal.  A.J.S.  III.  1.  256. 
Ehrenberg.  On  the  Microscopic  Constituents  of  the  Ash  of  Fossil 

Coal.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  XVI.  1S45.  69-70/A. J.S.IIal. 
B.&  M.Jour.  Formation  of  Coal.  Dec.  3.  1881  p. 373. 

*        Aug.  26.  1882.  p.  110. 
Praser  P.  Classification  of  Coals,  M.S.  6.  430.  Penn,  2nd  Geolo 

Survey.  M.N.   p.  144, 
Gnoppert.  On  the  Origin  of  the  Coal  of  Silesia.  Proc.  Brit,  Assoc* 

From  the  Athenaeum.  Sep.  19.   1846. 

Hunt  T.S.  The  Origin  of  Anthracite.  Nat'l  Acad.  Nov.  1880 * 
Jackson  C.T.  Bituminization  of  Peat  and  Conversion  into  Coal,  Af.J0 

S.  I.  34.  p. 395. 
Johnson  T7.R-.  The  Heating  Power  of  Various  Coals.  See  also  A.J.S. 

I.  v  49.   310. 
Lesley  J.P.  Manual  of  Coal  and  its  Topography.  Phila.  56.  p.  224 „ 

See  also  A.J.S.  II»  22.  3D2. 
Lesquereux  L/  On  some  Questions  concerning  the  'Coal  Formations  of 

North  America.  A.J.S. II.  23.  21.  Excellent  Statement  of 


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•  80 

the  Poat  Theory.   Also.  II.  30.  63.   367.    II.  32*  15 .  &  II.  52.193 
See  also  ^J^r  *J»>33,  '&&,>     35.  375, 

Lyell  C,  The  Origin  of  Goal  Fields  and  the  time  required  for  their 
Formation.  A.J.S.  II.  16*  33,  Prom  Proc*  Rcy0  Soca  Great 
Britan  Mar.  18.  1853. 

MaoFarlane  T.  Goal  Regions  of  the  U.S.  N.Y»  Rec. 

Na.thurst  E00.  Formation  of  Coal.  E»&  M.J4  Mar.  17*  88a  p«  194« 

Newberry  J«S,  On  the  Mode  of  Formation  of  Canriel  Coal.  A*J6So  II. 

23.   212. 
/i     Origin  and  Relations  of  the  Carbon  Minerals.  Anuals  N«Y, 

Acado  Sci.  Vol.  II.  1S82.  No.9«  I?ec,  On  the  Physical 
.<  /     Conditions  under  which  Coal  was  formed3  Sft  of  M»  Quarter- 
ly. Vol.  IV,  p.  169.  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  Vol.  ITS  p*  125. 

Prime  F.  Rept.  on  Goal.  Repts  on  Exhibits  at  the  Centenniale  Repts 

and  Awards.   Qfp  I.   p.  50. 
('     10th  Census  Vol.  15.  p. 605.  On  the  Coals  of  the  U9S«  Rec* 

Teschmacher  J0E.  On  the.  Fossil  Vegcitation  of  Anthracite  Coal  A0JoS0 
II*  4.  420.  See  also  A. A.  Gool.  cb  Nat.  1347. 
On  the  Resinous  Nature  of  Coal.  3ost.  Soc»  N6H.  April  7 
1352.    A.J.S.  II.  14.  70. 

Geological  Classification. 

Peat-  Recent  or  at  most  Quaternary. 

Lignite-  Post  carboniferous,  i.e.  Triassic,  Jurassic,  Cretaceous, 
Tertiary.   In  this  country  chiefly  Upper  Cretaceous  and 
Lower  Tertiary.  This  term  is  less  applied  than  formerly 
as  v/e  now  know  the  Cretaceous  coals  to  be  as  good  as  any° 
It  is  not  strictly  used  in  these  notes. 

Goals  Proper,  Carboniferous. 

Graphite-  Principally  Archaean,  but  known  also  in  connection  with 
coals.  V/e  do  not  know  that  the  Archaean  Graphite  is  cer- 
tainly of  vegetable  origin* 

Gas os-  From  Lower  Silurian  on. 

Petroleum-  From  Lower  Silurian  on. 

P7JLT, 

Brande.On  Peat  and  its  Products.  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Jan*  31.  1851* 
Johnson, Peat  and  its  Uses  as  Fertilizer  and  Fuel, 
Low.firit.ToH.  Facts  about  Poat, 
Losquereux  L.  Sphagnum  as  a  Peat  Maker.  Hayden's  Reports  1372 „  A« 

J»S,  III.  6.  383. 

Lyell*  Principles  of  Geology.  Vol.  II.  pp.  502  ff.  ' 
Sonft.  Humus-  Marsch-  Torf-  und  Limonit-  bildungen. 

In  temperate  climate  peat  is  derived  mainly  from  sphagnum  a 
moes.  It  contains  as  well  all  kinds  of  vegetable  matter  and  often 
various  animal  remains.  Many  peat  bogs  are  old  lakes  and  ponds  and 
hence  are  underlain  by  shell  marl;  many  also  by  bog  iron  ore.  (See 
Typo  1).   Peat  does  not  occur  south  of  35°  IT,  Lsit,  nor  north  of  45° 
S.  Ijat.   It  is  found  very  generally  in  our  northern  states,,  Y/ith  us 


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it  is  more  important  as  a  fertilizer  (muck)  than  fuelj,  but  in  for- 
eign countries  it  is  of  very  great  importance  as  fuel,  (  Ireland^ 
Germany V.   prepeiration  for  use  is  necossai-yv 

Analyses  of  Virginia  Peat  by  Prof.  Johnson  of  Yale. 

I      II       III        IV 

V'a-ter  20.00   20.00   Not  Est   Not  Est 

Vol.  Matter  50-.05   52.59   62C56     65,74 

Coke  24.97   25.44   31.21     31,81 

Ash  4.98    1.97    6.23      2,45 

The  Ash  is  chiefly  CaO.  Fe203  and  insoluble  Silicates a 
View  of  a  peat  bog.  Section  do.  Historical  reference  to  the  peat 
craze  of  ISvVY  . 

LIGNITES  AND  COALS. 

Classification. 

See  Report  AC.  Second  Perm,  Geol.  Survey  p.  15.  do.  Report 
fflott.  p.  128.   Trans.  Inst,  M.E.  Vol.  VI.  p.  430. 

Per  Cent   Fixed         •  Fixed  Carbon 

Volatile          Ash, Ratio 

r    :.  *.Yt*>'- JTy^r  ^r.vtfon.,  Carbon          Vol  3  Hydro  carbon 
.Anthracite          0-7  ,   100-93  X     7  00/C   to   13/1 
Semi  Anthracite     7-10     93- 90  X     li/l   to   8  A 
Semi  Bituminous    1Q-13     90-82  X     a/1   tg   5/. 
Bituminous         ISl.^/o.    82-    X     5/1  to 
Cannel  40-66  X 

Post  Carboniferous  Coals  are  called  Lignites 0   Lignites  are 
also  called  (especially  abroad)  Brown  CoalSo   Other  classifications 
are  employed  which  are  based  on  physical  properties,  such  as  cleav- 
age, character  of  burning,  coking  or  not  coking  etc..  See  Ures  Diet, 
Bd.  1345  p. 969.  Watts  Diet.  Chonu  Vol.  I.  p.  1032. 
Rogers  H.D.  General  Kept,  First  Penn.  Geol,  Surv.  Vol.11.  p|>.2.p933 
Ohio  Geological  Survey  Rept.  Progress.  1370. 
Trade  classifications  aro  based  on  size  of  lump  and  color  of  ash. 

Lignites  or  Post -Carboniferous  Coals 8 

Tho  Coal  (Idgnito)  areas  6f  Va.  and  N.C.  are  generally  called 
the  Richmond  Field  and  the  Deep  and  Dan  River  Fields,  They  aro  &n 
Trias  sic  or  Jurassic  strata,  v/hich  are  much  broken  and  seamed  by 
trap  dikes  (diabase)  converting  the  coal  in  many  places  into  a 
natural  coke,  (Carbonite).  The  areas  form  several  narrow  N.&  S* 
strips  along  the  border  of  Va.  and  N.C.,  The  coal  cannot  compete 
in  any  grsat  amount  with  the  better  fuel  brought  from  the  western 
part  of  Va. . 

Chance  H.M.  Tho  Deep  River  Coal  Fields  of  N.C.  M.E.  13.  517. 
Coryell  M.  Eastern  Va.  Coal  Fields.  M;E.  3.  228. 
Heinrich  O.J.  The  Midlothian  Va.  Collieries  M.E.  4.   308. 
Lesley  J.P.  Coal  Formation  of  S.Va.  Proe.  Amor,  Phil,  Soc.  Jan, 

1862.   A.J.S.  II.   34.   413. 

C,  On  the  Strueture  and  Probable  Age  of  the  Coal  Field  of 
the  James  River  near  Richmond  Va.Geol.  Soc.  Lond.  April 
14.  1847.   A.J.S.  II.  4.   1*3 


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82 
C  1ms  t  is  ad  D0  On  the  Sandstone  and  Coal  ©f-  N.C.  of  the  A.ge  of  th- 

Richmond  Coal  basin. »A.J.S.  11.19.  430  from  trie  G-ee":, 

Report  N.C.   1824. 

Raymond  R91Y.  The  Natural  Coke  ef  Chesterfield  Co«  Va.  M0S*11.*  4-45  9 
Rogers  Vf0B.  On  the  Relations  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone  of  the  C^rrru 

Valley  to  the  Coal  bearing  Rocks  of  Eastern  Va*  and  Nr..Ca 

AoJaSc  II.  19.  123.  Proc.  Boat.  Soc .  N»H.  1854  a  pa  ::.4» 
\7ccldridge  A&S.  Geological  and  Statistical  Notice  of  the  Goal  Mines 

in  the  Vicinity  of  Richmond  Va.  A.J.S.  I,  43.  '.: . 
V/urtz.  H&  Preliminary  Notes  upon  the  Carbonite  or  so-called  Natural 

Coke  of  Va.  M.E.  3.  456. 
Coc.l  (lignite)  in  the  Rocky  Mtn,  and  Plateau  Regions, 

A  bread  bel$  said  te  be  400  miles  wide  runs  up  and  down  the 
Rocky  Mtn.'  region  and  affords  excellent  coals  of  all  characters,  on 
on  both  sides  of  the  continental  divide.  These  beds  of  fuel  t.re 
of  the  greatest  value  to  the  country  lying  near  them,  for  smelting 
cuid  all  industrial  purposes  and  also  for  household  purposec  in  the 
treeless  prairie  region  on  the  east  of  them.  They  belong  to  the 
La ramie. 

L.New  Mexico,  Coals  are  known  in  Do'fia  Ana  Co,,  in  the  souta  but 
arc-  not  extensively  developed*  Coal  is  also  reported  from  near 
Silver  City  Grant  Co.  somovrtiat  anthracitie.   Coming  south  in  Sooor- 
ro  Coo  at  Carthago  aro  the  San  Pecfo  Mines  where  very  excellent 
coking  coals  aro  mined  and  extensively  used  in  N.M.  and  Ar-izona8 
The  seam  is  6*,   Over  in  the  v/astern  part  of  the  territory  near  the 
Arizona  line  in  Valencia  and  Eernalillo  Go's,  are  the  mines  which 
at  present  are  the  most  productivs  of  all.  The  chief  centers  are 
Gallup  and  Defiance  and  the  coal  is  mined  for  the  Atlantic  and  PaCo 
HttR.  which  transpdrtfc  it  as  far  as  Cal,,  A  number  of  seams  from  4s 
to  9f  ara  exposed.  Tho  existence  of  anthracite  (due  to  local  igne~ 
ouo  outbreaks)  in  Santa  Pe  county  has  long  been  kimwn.  The  mines 
arc  knovm  as  Los  Carilloe  and  produce  small  amounts  yearly e 
Tho  Monero  Mines  in  Tao-s  Ce.  produce  somo  coal  for  the  Durango 
branch  of  the  D  &  R.G.R.R.  The  mines  near  Raton,  Coif ax  Co,  were 
tho  first  to  be  extensively  workod-  and  are  now  the  most  important 
source  of  fuel  for  the  A,T.&  S.F.R.R.   A  number  of  bods  are  kn&wri 
from  31  to  S  1/2 'thick.  The  ceal  field  is  virtually  a  southern 
extension  of  the  Trinidad  area  of  Col..  Ratan  and  Blossburg  are 
tho  centers  *> 

•In  1SS2  N.M.  produced  157.092  short  tons,  in!S5   306,202o  in *S7 
508.0c34.  y  $~ 

Loconte  John.  Cretaceous  Anthracite  near  Santa  Pe.  N.M.  A«J,S,,  IIol.3 
rs!  Resources  Especially  1883  &  1884. 


ti-3  R6W«,  Remarks  on  the  Occurrence  of  Anthracite  in  NoMoM.E^.lV 
Arizona*  The  Gallup  field  of  N.M,  runs -across  the  line  into  Apache 
Co.  Ariz,  but  ic  not  as  yet  much  developed.  Other  coal  seams  are 
recorded  in  Final  Co. 

K,&  M,J.  The  Deep  Creek  Coal  Fiolds  Ariz. -Dec.  17.  1881,  p0  404, 
Mineral  Resources   L883  &  1884  p.  18. 


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Colorado.   No  other  state  is  richer  in  coals  than  Colorado 
exoept  perhaps  one  or  two  in  the  Appapachians,  and  iv  is  fa;i-t  becoa 
ing  one  of  the  foremost  producers*     .  / 

THE  EASTERN  SLOPE. 

As  the  prairie  region  rises  in  the  foothills  the  up -turned  edge, 
of  the  Cretaceous  rocks  appear  from  under  the  Tertiary  lake  depos- 
its of  the  plains, ' In  their  upper  members,  the  Laramie  Stago,  are 
round  the  coal  seams,  extending  along  the  foothills  with  broken 
intervals  from  the  southern  portion  of  the  state  to  its  northern 
boundary o   In  the  extreme  south  in  Las  Animas  Co»  is  the  Trinidad 
fdeids  which  is  the  northern  prolongation  of  the  Raton  district  of 
UjMao  The  entire  field  covers  perhaps  750  sq.  miles «  The  principal 
seam  is  the  Trinidad  from  6f  to  14 f  thick  but  Wheelers  Survey 
records  in  all  32  seams  although  only  two  or  three  are  workable « 

The  coals  make  excellent  coke*  The  «hief  mining  towns  are  K.I  • 
Itoro,  Sopris  and  Starkville,  they  furnish  more  coal  than  any  o.Vncir 
one  district,    (Views  and  Geological  sections). 

Coming  north  the  next  important  district  centers  aboui  Walscn>- 
burg«   Important  mines  have  been  worked  for  some  years  just  north 
of  the  Cucharas  River  and  recently  important  developments  have  been 
made . at  Rouse*       (Views  and  sections). 

The  next  important  mining  center  to  the  north  is  near  Oanon  City 
at  the  entrance  to  the  Royal  Gorge.  The  coal  which  is  of  a  super- 
ior quality  is  obtained  from  a  small  basitr  south  of  Canon  City  at 
Coal  Creek,/' 

•^Oak  Creek,  Rockvale  and  Williams  burg.  Two  workable  seams  are 
known  both  rather  narrow  being  but  from  3  l/^fto  4?  and  numerous 
smaller  ones.   Out  in  the  prairie  10  miles  east  of  Colorado  Sprin- 
gs a  limited  exposure  of  Laramie  strata  is  found  at  Prance villa  and 
in  it  a  10*  seam.  This  is  extensively  worked  by  the  Denver  and 
Now  Orleans  R.R. .  North  of  here  the  coal  does  not  occur*  for  some 
Distance,  Sedalia  being  the  next  mining  district «  Much  attention 
has  lately  been  given  to  the  so-called  Denver  basin,  and  its  geolo- 
gy will  form  the  subject  of  a  forthcoming  monograph  by  S0P  'B?nraoiisa 

Nearly  twenty  miles  east  of  Denver  at  Scranton  in  tho  upper 
Laramie  mines  in  lignite  of  a  rather  inferior  character  have  been 
opened.  West  of  Denver  the  Laramie  is  again  found  in  the  foothills 
end  is  mined  at  various  points.   Golden  is  an  important  one,  then 
in  or dor  going  north  come  Louisville,  Langford  and  Erie,   The  seams 
run  from  3J  to  12 f  averaging  6*.  These  are  the  oldest  mines  and 
were  opened  in  the  early  sixties „   Those  mines  of  the  eastern  slope 
are  usually  classified  as  the  Northern,- it  he  central  and  the  south-/ 
em  divisions.  .          .  > 

THE  PARK  REGION. 

Only  one  coal  area  occurs  in  the  parks  (see  p.  5,  VIII)  and  this 
is  at  Como  on  the  U0P»R,Rt  ,0no  seam  5*  to-  7f  thick  is  worked 
furnishing  what  is  called  tho  Leehner  coal* 


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THE  WESTERN  SLOPE* 

Great  interest  is  now  centering  on  the  coal  seams  of  La  Plata 
Coo  in  the  south  west  near  Durango*  They  are  developed  to-  som-3 
extent  and  promise  to  supply  the  neighboring  portions  of  N,M-0'  P.nr1 
Utah  in  the  near  future-.   The  ccitl  is  in  the  usual  Laranrio  and 
forms  a  mumber  of  seams »  The  Maranoth  was  reported  at  903  but  reaHJy 
is  a  great  inter  lamination  of  shale  and  coal,  the  largest  ss-am 
being  but  7!*   Considerable  mining  has  already  been  dene  to  supply 
the  local  smelters  and  general  demand.  Coming  north  the  country 
is  very  badly  broken  by  eruptive  outpourings,  and  the  next  impor- 
tant coal  area  is  met  about  the  middle  latitudes  of  the  statea 

In  the  Elk  Mtns  of  Gunnison  Co,  are  a  number  of  outlying  fields, 
some  changed  to  anthracite  (Crested  Butte)  while  others  arc  coking 
coals «  Some  as  Coal  Basin  and  Gunnison  Mtn  are  not  yet  reached  by 
rail*   Coal  Basin  is  described  by  J*S.Newberry  as  an  eliptical 
valley  from  which  the  strata  dip  away  on  all  sidec*  show ing  five 
or  six  workable  beds.   St*ll -further  north  the  upturned  Laramie 
beds  run  north  westerly  in  a  creat  so-called  Hog-back.  This  brings 
to  the-  surface  in  Jerome  Park  a  long  exposure  of  noal  seams  v/hieh 
are  now  reached  by  the  Midland  R.R..  Again  belov;  Glenwcod  Springs 
along  the  Grand  River  this  ridge  crosses  the  stream  making  the 
coal  accessible  and  important  mines  aro  developing  at  Newcastle*  . 

Here  are  six  good  seams  of  whieh  one,  the  thickest  is  4-5°  and 
another  16 ',  the  rest  smaller.   (Detailed  description). 

The  coal  bearing  strata  then  bear  away  tor  the  north  west  to  the 
TThite  River  country  whore  they  are  abundant  but  not  yet  developed* 

In  1875  Col.  produced  98838  tons,  in  1880  375000,  in  1385  1U398, 
796,   in  1889  2,373.954.  The  Trinidad  region  produced  rather  more 
than  one  third  of  this  total. 

E.&  M.J.our.  The  Coal  Fields  of  La  Plata  Co.  Col.  Juno  29.  78  p0441 
Hayden  F.V.  Prelim.  Ropt.  1869.  See  also  40th  Parallel  Survey  Vol0 

III.  p. 481. 

Hewett^C.  The  Northwestern  Col.  Coal  Region.  MaE.  XVII*  375., 
Hills, R.O.  In  Vol.  II.  Halls  Hist  of  Col. 
King  Clarence  The  Green  River  Coal  Basin.  40th  Parallel  Survey 

Vol.  III.  p. 451 

Lakes  A,  Annual  Rpts  Col.  Sen  .of  Mines  especially  1889  Rec*9 
Lesquereux  L.  On  the  Formation  of  the  Lignite  Beds  of  the  Rocky 

Mtn  Region  A,J,S.  III.  7,  29.  546. 

McNeil  J,  Reports  of  the  State  Inspector  of  Goal  Mines. 
Mineral  Resources.  All  the  Volumes. 

Newberry  J.S.  The  Coals  of  Col.  S»of  M. Quarterly  IX,  327  Rec* 
Potter  H?0B,  The  Character  and  Composition  of  the  Lignite  Coals  ©f 

Col,  M.E.V.  365.  Rec. 

Utah*  The  coal  fields  just  mentioned  in  northwester  Colo 
extend  westward  into  Utah  and  northward  into  Wyoming*   The  Laramie 
is  overlaid  by  Tertiary  strata  but  is  exposed 'dn  places  by  esosion 
or  disturbance.   Coal  is  extensively  mined  along  the  D  &  R«G0R.'R« 


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H.B.r  A  a   arf*   3nola  lieitlM  H»vl8if9tM   al   IMt     ••MfMntarb   10 


at  the   Pleasant  Valley'  Mines     and  at  Sohof  ield*      In  the   former   the 
soam  is   reported  at   II9    in  tho   latter   at   28°  a     Further  vast    &onl   Ir; 
mil)  pel  at    tho   San  Pete  Mines   and  down  in  the   southwestern  pat-  1.   of 
th?   territory  near  tho    iron  deposits  mentioned  under  Typo   l.;P    coal 
is   found  at   Cedar  City  which  may  be  of  importance    in  csnnetttion 
with  tho    iron  oro   of  Type  14.     The   oldest  productive  district    of 
Utah  is  however  along  the  Vober  River  northeast   of  Salt'  Lake, 
v/horo  are   tho  Coalvillo  and   Grass   Creek  Mines   or  scares   7s   and  11* 
thiclr,      In  connection  with  these   reference  should  be  made   to  the 
mines  at  Evanston  and  Almy  just  over  the  Wyoming  line* 
Utah  produced   in  1885   213.120  tons,    in  1887  1SO«121  tons0 
Ashburner  C.A.   Coal  Production  in  Utah  in  1886     M,E,   16  0      35G0 

C9   Tho   Green  River  Coal  Basin  40th  Parallel  Survey  V01.IH»451 


T7yomin&.      The   northern  extension  of  the  Utah  and  northwestern 
Col.    fields   afford  much  coal   in  Wyoming.      The   scams   outcrop  soms 
350  miles   along  tftie  U.P.R.R,   by  which  corporation  they  are   virtu- 
ally  controlled.     The   coal   at   Rock  Springs    is   the  bes.t   for   ^ner-al 
uso    and    is    one   of  tho   Groat   domestic    coals   of  the   prairie   region- 
The  mines   at  Carbon  (scam  9*)    find  at  Almy   supply  the   fraiiro-id  with 
fuol0      In  1G70     105,295  tons  v;oro  produced,    in  1375  s      3000803r    in 
1080,      527.311,    in  13S5*      S07.32G,    and   in  1837.      1.170,318, 
Mineral  Resources.   All  tho  Volumes. 


Montana,  Much  attention  lias  boon  siven  in  tho  last  few  years 
to  Montana  coal,  especially  in  connection  with  railways*   Coal  is 
known  in  several  districts,  which  however  do  not  socm  to  equal 
those  of  tho  country  to  tho  south  «  The  most  important  field  is 
at  Bozcman  on  tho  H.P.R.R.  in  tho  southern  central  portion  of  tho 
state.  A  4f  soam  affords  the  railways  its  fuel  for  the  Mont*  div:ls 
ion.  They  arc  placed  by  G.H.Slclredso  (l©th  Census  Vol,  XV  paS95 
and  739)  below  tho  Fox  Hills  probably  in  the  Colorado  Sta^o* 

North  of  Bozeman  is  the  Judith  fiold,  and  further  east,  south  of 
StiUv/ator  is  tho  Rock  Creek,  and  north  ef  Billings  is  tho  Bull 
Mtn.  Then  to  tho  north,  near  the  treat  Palls  of  the  Missouri  is 
the  Groat  Palls  Field  oponcd  aion^  Sand  Coulee  Creek,  Eldrodge 
referred  this  to  tho  Lower  Cretaceous  and  fossils  sinee  described 
by  J'*S»Newberry  prov*  it  to  be  belov;  the  Dakota  Stage  0  Much  poer 
lignite  is  also  known  alone  the  Kissourl  River. 

Montana  produced  in  1333  19795  tons,  in  1SS50   06440   (Max) 
in  1CC7.   10202.   The  small  amount  in  '07  was  due  to  tho  strikes  0 
Davis  T70M6  Relation  cf  the  Coal  of  Mont,  to  the  Older  Rocks,  10th 

Census  XV.  p.  697. 

G.T7.  The  Coals  of  Mont.  10th  Census  XV.  p.  739, 
Mineral  Resources  All  the  Volumes,  espooially  ,°^4  Rec, 
Newbcrry  J9S.  Tho  Great  PaUs  Cor.l  Field.  S.&f  M.  Quarterly  VI  1  1/32  7 


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86 

COAL  (LIGNITE)  ON  THB  PACIFIC  SLOPE » 

California,  There  is  one  small  csal  field  in  Cal»  j'"si;-  ^as'c 
of  San  Francisco  known  as  the  Monte  Diablo  Field*   This  contains 
three  v/erkable  setups  (Sections)*'  The  e^al*  is  net  of  very  excolTe 
quality  ft-nd  is  chiefly  Used  for  ct earning  as  it  contains  amah  su.l* 
phur ,   Other  iEi.ij.ar  lignites  have  been  worked  to  some  extent* 

Cal»  receives  its  eoal  from  Oregon,  W&sh«  British  Colvjvibiu.  r  ana  •• 
rotnrruns  grain  shi^s,  from  Australia  and  Graofc  Britain*   Ua;.u 
produced  in  186 1«   6620  tons,  in  1S?00   141890,  ISSfo   13372^,, 
1885V   77405,   1387 .   50000* ' 
Goodyear  W0AC  Coals  of  the  Pacific  Ceast.  /?cc  , 

Kept  cf  Gal,  State  Mineralogist   1887 * 
Minor al  Ro »r:  cure  c  3  3 

f*4f 

Oregon,  There  is  one  coal  field  in  Oregon  known  now  t?  ec-ver 
several  humdred  square  miles,  the  Coos  Bay  about  100  alias  north 
of  the  Calo  line.   One  seam  of  sS  out  4  l/£?  is  mined  at  several 
point 8<>  The  ce-al  is  of  fairly  good  quality  but  the  harbcr  is  bad 
and  oixl.y  s3ma3.i  vessels  oan  bo  used  and  even  these  may  'be  stern: 
bound^  The  coal  is  called  Tertiary*  -  The  production  of  Oregouo 
1G60-,   3lft5  tens,  1370,   20557,   1S80*   35415,  13S5.  5 0000 /  in 
1C^76'  31G96a  The  earlier  yaars  are  the  receipts  at  San  Franc isooo 
Goodyear  \T6A*  Coal  Mines  of  the  Pacific  Oiast  pt  83  Ree« 
Mineral  Ro sources.   1385.  and  13S7, 

Washingten,  The  coal  area  around  Puget  Sound  is  extensive 
and  furnishes  excellent  coal  that  is  shipped  all  along  the  coast. 
The  coal  is  found  along  a  bolt  10-34  miles  bask  of  Pu#et  Sound  and- 
extending  from  British  Columbia  south  almost  to  the  Columbia  River-, 

The  coal  is  accessible  in  comparatively  few  place--;  because  of  a 
great  development  of  gravel,  ©f  volcanic  disturbances 9  and  of  deep 
forests  that  hinder  prospecting.  The  coals  occur  in  the  Laramie 
which  is  from  8-14000*.   They  vary  in  quality  from  a  soft  air 
slacking  lignite  to  good  bituminous  coking  coals.  Their  properties 
are  largly  due  to  the  geolecie-1  disturbances  through  which  they 
have  passed  and  to  their  nearness  to  igneous  outbreaks.  Bcllingham 
Bay  on  the  north  ij  TChatcome  Co.  Is  the  oldest  mining  district  but 
was  abandoned  in  1873-,  The  How  Castle  and  Rent  en  Mines  are  oast  of 
Seattle  and^tho  Franklin  further  away"". on  the  came  railrthad* 

The  \7ilty3on  field  is  southeast  ©f  Tacoma  and  contains  eight  or 
ten  beds  fram  3C  to  14-*  3  Another  exposure  occurs  at  the  headwaters 
of  the  Yakiraa  River  (Ln  ths?   eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mtns  at 
R^ilyr^Seotlen^J  The  production  of  \7ashingt on ^1S60  Bellingham  Bay  - 
5490,   1865,   14446.   18G9.   20552.   13S00  12o741.   10D5.   ?S0250. 
1887 »   609-023,  The  earlier  years  are  the  receipts  at  San  Francisco 
Goodyear  '^oA0  Coal  Minos  of  the  Pacific  Coast „  p«,99<» 
Mineral  Resource s,  Espocially  1836o  p.337<,  Roc, 


33 

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87 

Cr^y-  Jo  So'  AaAoAa'Bv  l£5d.  ' 
"tfi^V^"  £c  1'^  GenaUgo  Vel*  XV,  p. 

note*     fetfwo   aoala  extend  into  British  Calixdbia  an4  are  extensive 
ly  mined  on  Vt^>simr^  Z^j^l  ,   lifcm&ji  5  an  ftwmtl&tj®  drws-& 
part   of  its   siapplyV 

Alaska*     ccal  is  also  know*  in  ft^iawtw  of  phases  in 
Admiralty  Is.,   Ot.Jctes  Bay  nft*r*0itk*$  artid  in 
Passing  vessel*  occasionally  tide  lt» 
Mineral  Rssour<»/*s*   18£4»  p*19* 
E*&  MoJour  Jan.   17*   18SO     p,47* 
?vioss  R»Je  Coal  in  the  Ai*rHlc  ftogionfi*  Proc.  Roy.  8oe»  Dub.  May.  1873 


lignite  is  tallied  in  *$*&&&•     fher*  are  three  areas 
according  to  S^T,Du«3ible  avite  (jreA^JUrft.    (a)  the  2olignit4o  on  the 
north  oast,    (Jb)   the  Central  in  the  middle  of  the  State,    !?o)   the4 
Mount  ali?  •;•>'£  in  trui  smith  ^f03t*     rrho  last  naimd  is  Laramie,   the 
first  is  Sc^corie*     About  7500Q  short  tons  were  produced  in  1S8T, 
Bumble  «0f  «  Miiumtl  Heumtroas  1006  p«3'i7,  Reo.  ^^Vii^r^y'^v 
Note,,     ln^':^ie't*^2:1/  Xlgnito  fcorl^  are  imovm  in  Miss«  and  at  Gay  ;     ' 
Head  Mar^l)ja,j  Vit;c?ya]f'(l  a^d  lkfcifc!BtdjS*10<M  of  vogotable  material 
more  or  less  carbon  J.^^d  aro  elce^rliors  hioim  but  are  of  no  practical 
value  a 

fable  of  Analyses  of  Li£rJ/UHit   also  Areas* 

Volatile     7ixed 

Hybroct     Carbon     Ash         8         HO     Sp.Gr  SgM 
Tav&  Wartb  Carolina       3O.5         '  5«B«4     6V36     2*19     Iv95 
Wyoming  Rock  Sprlcg       55>toS       -t,&4r«4       1V73  7*00  2avOCX) 

Colorado     2H,o  34r#5  4r7*3       3>40  14»8 

*  Canoil  City  35v3  50^*9       3.15     1>'04     5V03     1V363 

*  El  Itoro  29V82          56v41     1S«'82  0^'4l     0»95 
CJ»'     .'.ton  J'naji  Mine       3^«'30          54>«39     6.S9     0.8S4  1.112 

*  Crested  Butt  a     5.35  89v7S     2v77       •  1V58 
Kftwcastle.  Seam  B.     42>«5S         43*60     7«97     Oft^09  1.85 

Hew  Mexico  Raton     35vOO    SI/.  50  10.40      3.10 

Utah  Plesant  Valley   39»75    49,35  5.60  0.27  4.80  1.27  • 


3^59    41.9®  5v34       2O.O 
4^«'fi4    43'«CS  7v41       4.16 
Alaska  /dmlpaUy  Id   o7096    57,49  U55  0.73  S.OO 

Coals 

These  analyses  are  mostly  takon  from  the  Mineral  Resources 
and  1S85C  Several  also  from  Vol.  15  10th  Census. 


BMJiS  PROPER,    I.   BITUMINOUS. 

,  Iron  and  Oil  (  Unscientific). 

Lesley  J»P.  Manaal  of  Goal  and  its  Topography.  Philadelphia  1856 
,  MacFarlane  J0  Coal  Reg :•  ^:is  of  Ar^yiea  Roc. 
"  Prlne  F0-  The  Coels  of  t; .^»  USS.  10th  09nsus  Vol.  XV  p. 505  Rec. 

Taylor  R0Gc,  Statistics  of  Goal*  •{.'  ...-*?*••"/»  •  ' 


.*   .V3C  . 

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83 

The  bituminous  coals  of  Carboniferous-  Age  occur  in  four  great 
areas  in  the  U.S.  and  one  in  Nova  Scotia*   In  describing  then  they 
will  be  taken  up  from  vest  to  east  in-arder  to  lead  up  geographic 
cally  to  the  anthracites.1  In  the  Ui  S' ,  120yOOO  square  7nil«3  are- 
estimated  to  contain  workable  beds.  ' 

1.  The  Alleghany  Area.  59000  sq.  milos*  In  Penn.  Ohio,  Wost  Va 
Mdop  Va.,  Kys ,  Tenn»,  Ga.f  Ala., 

2«  The  Eastern  Central  Area  47.000  sq  milos  in  111,,  Ind*  and  ¥ 
West-  Kya  * 

30  The  Miahigan  Area  5700  sq  miles,  in  the  southern  Peninsular 
of  Midi* «  This  area  is  so  buried  under  glaeial  drift  as  to  bo  but 
imperfectly  explored  and  not  much  developed*   Views* 

4*  Tho  Western  Central  Area  78000  sq  miles  (not  all  of  work- 
able coal)   in  lov/a,  MSJs*.;  Kan,,  Ark.,  Ind.sTy.  and  Texas, 

5«  The  Acadian  Area  2200  sq, miles  in  Nova  Scotia,   If  ooal  is 
put  on  the  freo  list,  this  area  will  be  of  vast  importance  to  the 
New  England  States* 

THE  WESTERN  CENTRAL  AREA. 

Indian  Territory.  The  important  productive  eoal  mofcmuros  begin 
in  the  south  in  Indian  Ty.  in  whoso  eastern  portio$  th*y  are 
strongly  developed.  Tho  mines  are  situated  at  Ataka,  Lehigh  and 
McAllister  and  supply  the  southwestern  railways.  They  arc  operated 
under  loas^from  the  Chootaw  tribo. 

Arkansas.  The  eoal  area  of  Ark.  occurs  in  the  western  central 
part  of  the  state  and  has  attracted  much  attention  of  late  years 
especially  since  the  geological  survey  spread  Information  about  It. 

The  coal  is  both  bitumlnious  and  semi anthracite.  The  w®rk&ble 
bods  run  4f~6f;  at  Coal  Hill  in  the  most  productive  mine  the  cross- 
section  is  Ooal  21--22f  Shale  41  Coal  24"-25f.  The  analyses  show- 
these  coals  to  bo  high  in  sulphur.  In  the  older  books  they  are 
often  spoken  of  as  the  Spadra  coals  from  one  of  tho  mines. 
Mineral  Resources,  All  tho  Volumes. 
TTinslowaA,  Annual  Rept.  Ark.  Qeol,  Surv.  1888.  Vol.  Ill* 

Kansas.  In  Kansas  the  coal  occupies  a  strip  about  four  coun- 
ties deep  on  tho  east*  Tho  Cherokee  seam  in  tho  southeast  is  the 
most  productive.  It  ranges  from  3f-4f.  It  furnishes  a  good  bit*- 
uminous  coal  which  is  coking  and  is  used  in  the  local  lead  and 
zinc  works.  (Seo  Type  25).  Osage  Co.  in  tho  eastern  central  part 
of  tho  state  also  furnishes  much  ooal,  but  tho  seam  is  only  from 
12f~20*o  All  these  coal  belong  in  tho  middle  ooal  moasures0 

Tho  Kansas  area  runs  north  into  south' atom  Neb.  wharo  some 
small  mining  is-  done. 
Hicks  L,E3   A,AoAaS.  1880.  p,  217. 

Missouri.  Nearly  the  northwestern  half  of  Missouri  is  under- 
lain by  coald  the  area  being  estimated  at  27000  sq  miles ^  Bates  Co 
in  the  west  is  most  productive,  followed  by  Macon,  Lafayotto,  and 
Randolph  along  the  Mo.  Rivor  in  the  central  portion.  The  Rich  Hill 


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Mines  in  Bates  Co  "are  best  known,  and  furnish-  an  exoollent  ooal 
from  a  seam  3  1/2*  to  5  I/2*  thick*  Cannel  coal,  Utm^ly  kndifR  as 
Osage  Cannel  is  found  in  Cooper  Co.  in  thick  pockets  « 
Pnmpelly  R0-  State  Geol.  Kept  on  Iron  Ores  "and  Coal  'J?ield-s«  18"40 
Swallow  GoC-,,  On  the-  Coal  Measures  of  Mo,  State  Repa  18S5a  £eo  r/loo 
Ao'J.'S,  II,  26.  113. 

Iowa.  Nearly  the  southern  half  of  I«wa  is  underlain  by  c-oal-  • 
but  the  productive  portions  are  mostly  along  the  Desmoines  R-.bTeya 

Tho  coal  seams  vary  from  2*  up  to  5'  or  6'  averaging  about  4('Q 
M$haska»  Ksokuk,  Lucas  and  Polk  are  the  most  productive  scunvleso 
The  coals  are  inclined  to  be  sulphurous  and  are  only  adapted  to 
heating  purposes,  \^ 

Geological  Reports  of  Iowa, 

V/hitc  C9A8  Character  of  the  Unconformability  of  the  Xaa  C-:,al  Meas- 
ures on  the  older  Socks  «»•  Ae  J0S;»II,  45  3  331  0 

THE  EASTERN  CENTRAL  AREA*  • 

Illinois.  Two-thirds  of  111.  are  underlain  by  the  coal  meaa=» 
ures  and  a  vr»st  amount  of  coal  is  mined  •  The  moat  productive  <i»oun« 
ties  are  in  a  diagonal  line  from  the  northern  central  part  of  the 
state  south  to  the  Miss,  River.  La  Salle  Co*  on  the  ncjrth  prodaoes 
rather  tho  most  and  next  ii\  St  Clair  Oo«  opposite  St  Louis  ft 
Vermiliion  Co3  on  the  east  is  also  an  important  diit^dtst^OJ*  ooal 
soams  arc  reported  from  111.  but  they  do  not  fui'nish  especially 
excellent  fuel  as  the  moisture  and  sulphur  are  higho  ?rom  one 
field  however  in  the  southwest  in  Jackson  Co,  a  vory  ^jood  quality 
comes  known  as  the  Big  Muddy  Coal. 
Cometocko  T4Ba  The  P^ssil  Fuel  of  111.  etc«  Se&-M0Ja  May  25th- 

18S*7  and  subsequently. 

Johnson  Ja  On  tho  Wilmington  111.  Coal  Fields*  M,B03  18Cc 
Wonthen  A0H9  Fuel  Resources  of  111.  A.A^A.So  17. 

t 

Indicia*  The  111.  Coal  fields  are  oxtenfiod  into  Indiana 
covering  a  strip  on  the  southwestern  corner9  Thero  aro  ^hrsc  beds 
of  coking  coal  4  1/fe*  to  10*  and  three  open  burning  2  1/2-  5  ' 
Clay  Co..  is  the  most  productive  and  affords  the  well  knos/n 
block  coal",  much  used  for  iron  furnaces  a 
Geological  Reports  of  Jndiana. 


Kentucky0  The  same  field  crosses  the  Ohio  River  into  K°y0 
forms  the  eastern  K*y»  field*  Twelve  seams  are  krxcvm  •-.  oiily"1  four 
of  which  much  mining  has  been  done,   The  coals  are  apt  to  he  high 
in  Sulphur  but  some  occurrences  of  good  quality  have  been  la'teZt/  ' 
an^uncedU   Tho  fiold  forms  a  broad  sspolinal  with  aomsr  jalncr  folr?.? 
having  the  Green  River  in  the  axis  o?  tho  troughs   The 
Canine  1  coal  occurs  en  the  eastern  rim  of  the  basin  and 
for  its  large  yield  of  oil  on  distillation.  . 
Reposts  of  tho  Kentucky  Geological  Survey  »• 
Allen  J.H  .Western  Ky*  Goals  and  Cokes.  M6E.  16  ,  581., 


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v,  Eastern  Central  Field  is  separated  irrcn-  thes  Allegh&o? 
the  southern  extension  of  the  Cincinnati  uplift  iSc«  pc.  4-,  iv),; 
The  intervening-  country  is  formed  by  the  earlier  Palaooaci^  otrr 

*."  ~         *  •        •  .  , 

THE  MICHIGAN  AREA. 

The  Central  portion  of  the  southern  paninaufa  is  rfonvd    '.  -v"%- 
coal  measures.  The  beds  are  covered  by  a  heavy  sap  uf  •dHftv  >uKd 
are  difficult  to  locate.  The  mining  too  has  proved  very  wy&  awA  as 
the  coal  is  of  inferior  grade  the  developments  are  comparatively    ^j 
small.  The  seams  run  41  and  less, 

THE  ALIJBGHANY  AREA, 

•  This  is  the  largest  and  moat  productive  area  and  being  1*1  liho  ^ 
oldest  po-rtion  of  the  country  it  has  .been  most  tttt  •nattily  J.etrcX*- 
opedv  It  extends  from  Penn.  to  Ala.  along  the  line  ot  th&  A"U  '^$t] 
antes  » 

Alabama.^  The  coal  fields  of  Ala,  are  of  o  comparatively  ; 
development  but  they  have  grown  to  be  of  the  great-sat  import 

The  close  association  of  coal,  iron  ore,  and  lirfcestono  ha.  a 
them  a  great  impetus,  (Soo  also  Type  6)  »  There  are  librer  M 
the  Black  Warrior,  which  is  the  largest,  the  Oahaba  a  -ad.  -hft  C 

They  are  separated  by  the  foldings  and  erosion  of  the 
Fifty  coal  seams  are  recorded  in  Ala.  but  all  arc  not  at  pvosont 
available,   Jeffereon  Co.  in  the  Warrior  field  is  tho  .ja 
ducer,  and  of  this  the  principal  part  comos  from  tho  ih'a 
Ashburner  CftAa  The  Development  and  Statistics  c»f  th»  Ala 

Fields  for  18870  -MSE.-  17d  206e  Ked. 

Hunt  T0Se  Coal  &  Iron  in  Ala*  M.E.  11,  23  5  v  ?,  &  M.u,  Mar 
Lyell  Cho  Coal  Field  of  Eusaaloosa  Ala,  A3J«S0  li:«.;^  U7I^  Bos  aiVeo 

II.  2.  228.  - 

MoCallcy  H,  Kept  on  the  Warrior  Coal  Field.  Ala«   fcool.v  3«7»v8    18?I6'<> 
Porter»  "J.B»-  InC'n  Ores  <fc  Goals  of  Ala,   Ga*   &  frerm<,  M^a    16,,    170  » 
P.othwell  RaP«   Ala.   Coal  and  Iron.   M<»Ec,   2, 
Smith  E0Ho   Repts   of  Progress  Ala,   Geological 


Georgia,  The  coal  measures  just  cross  the  bordoi"  of  C)a.->  and 
appear  in  its  northwestern  county,  Dadoft  A  $ean  varjs'i'^  from  153  J* 
to  14r  with  an  average  of  4f  i-s  quite  extensively  rniinod  and  fu'rn- 
ishos  about  300000  tons  yearly.  \ 

',i 

Tennessee,  The  eastern  portion  of  -TeKH«'\  contains  C'XTitmer/.vo  - 
coal  fields.  These  are  a  southern  prolongatiop  of  the  Ci,«tbcrl 
table  land  of  Ky,  and  run  across  Temau  in  a  stjt'ip  about  thrwo  . 
tiss  v/idc  and  fifty  miles  and  more  west  of  tho)  eastern  boundary 
and  continues  into  Ala,  and  Ga,,  There  are  20i'to  30  «oal-soacac 
rccordedr  but  only  a  few  have  been  worked*  T?A*  Sevrayjnoo  Beaun  o 
Grundy  Co,  is  well  known  and  the  Aetna  mines  of  */iSii*ic.a  Oc«  ^ar 
coking  coals.   The  seams  average  under  4'J3   The  Beq^t^hle  ValAKcj 


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91 

penetrates  the  district  from  south  to  north  and  is  an  important 
mining  region.   The  recent  development  of  Tenn.  has  been  vary  exten- 
sive*  "-  • 
Bowron  W0M.  The  OeOlogy  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Seqttatc'alc 

Valley.  Tenn.  M.E.  14.  174. 

Oolton  H»E.  The  Upper  Measure  Coal  Fields  of  Tom.  M.E0  14,  •&&» 
E»&  M,J,  Jan,  7th  1838,  Tenm.  Number, 

Eastern  Kentucky.  A  broad  strip  of  eoal^bearing  at  rat  a  comes  i>$ 
eastern  Ky,  aifidL  furnishes  excellent  and  abundant  coals  vrhloh  arc- 
being  more  and  more  developed  as  transportation  facilities  increase, 

Twelve  to  fifteen  seams  are  recorded  of  which  one  of  two  raach 
S3  or  98.  The  Elkhorn  is  one  of  the  boat  known  aiad.  f  urn  A  e  ho  3 
excellent  coke.  Cannel  coal  is  more  extensive  in  Ky0  than  in  any 
oth'jr  state,  the  Hunnawoll  cannel  being  an  important  coal  for  gas  -^ 
production* 


Virginia.  Prom  Ky.  the  coal  ax^a  runs  across  into 
Va0  where  it  forms  a  small  area  with  several  eastern  outliers* 
There  aro  two  areas  in  the  western  part  of  the  atato*  The  more 
easterly  is  in  the  section  known  as  »**-s  Appalachia  and  is  formed 
by  the  outlier  of  the  main  Alloghany  field.  Further  woct  is  the 
Pocahontas  field  directly  connected  with  the  main  field.  An  exefcl- 
lent  coke  is  produced  in  the  last  named.  Tho  recent  railroad  deveS. 
opments  have  served  to  increase  the  production  vory  groatly*  • 
The  Jura-trias  coals  near  Richmond  have  already  boon  men!  5.  one  da 

West  Va  .  Almost  tho  entire  state  is  underlain  by  coal,  46 
out  of  54  counties  containing  it,  and  about  14  being  active  produ« 
ccrso  The  beds  in  general  dip  liorth  westerly  forming  isith  tho 
Ohio  field  a  great  synclinal  trough.  Tho  coal  is  especially  devel- 
oped along  the  Kanawha  and  New  Rivers  in  the  west  and  the  upper 
ws.tors  of  the  Monongahela  in  the  north  and  in  tho  panhandle  e 

The  Pittsburg  seam  is  the  principal  one,  affording'xLO*  and  more 
of  eoelo  With  increased  facilities  of  transportation  tho  state 
will  be  more  and  more  productive  although  'now  one  of  tho  largest  a 
Kill^drew  8TeB.  Notes  on  the  Coal  Field  of  S.W,Va9  E0&  MeJour  J'an. 

19th  1889.  p.  64. 

Buck  S.)l.  Notes  on  the  hard  Splint  Coal  ©f  Kanawha  Valley  M«,EolO.Cl 
Morris  S,Pe  The  New  River  Coal  Field  of  WsVa.  M015»  So   261  = 

Ohio.  Nearly  the  eastern  half  of  Ohio  is  underlain  by  eoal 
making  the  state  a  very  large  producer.  The  bods  correspond,  with 
a  few  local  variations,  to  those  of  Perm*  a   There  are  13  recognize- 
No  I  and  No  VI  (from  t&e  bottom  up)  aro  the  most  mined,  end  ©nly 
two  or  three  o-fchors  arc  much  develepedo  No  I  is  tho  well  known 
Brier  Hill  block  coal  and  is  used  directly  in  the  'furnace,,   It  is 
especially  mined  in  the  north  western  part  of  the  field.   No  VI  is 


rot  a!  bn*  rftnort  oJ  rfJi/oa  mott  Jo^iJaiB  f*r£J 
rtaed  earf  *fttt»T  to  JirarnqoXayafc  Jneaei  crfT 


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eel^ilioat  fro^a^o^wtanJ-  as  fceqolevef)  eiom  bne  eiom  sniocf 
ow*  %0  «no  alilrfw  lo  fcaModet  eic  cciaoa  nea^lil  ol  ovJEowT 
'ialrtft/t  JbctA  nwoitat  ^aod  orft  lo  eno  el  nioriiia:  *>rfT     ,fe  10 
fti  ;c«rft  o^X  01  svxe/tdJx*  eiora  at  IBO»  I»funaO 
tot  Xaoei'titatiajBa  na  gified  Xsmiao  IIowenm/H  orft    , 


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JS>oflrto'i  8Jt  fcrtt  aiHoalfiqqA  c-^*    aa  mronrf  rtoi^ooa  «fl^  nx  si  ^Iiocr; 
81   Jaow  tori^tir^     .l>Xoit  \:narisoXXA  nJtam  »rfJ  to  neil^i; 


taeorx  oi«T     •Jbwoajtx  ta^X  eri^  nx  ^ow/hoiq  ai   e^oo 

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en'T 


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c  eibrtsftasq  orit  ni  fcna  <lt*con  orf^%nl   ^l-rfj^aroifDM  o  310*3* 

firm  ^Xr^lUlftWttl   teno  Xaqxonxiq  «ri*  ax  oiaaa  atudst^x^  *>. 

orij  noiJ-Xi^io^aftai^  to   aei^xlloat  fetaaait-nx   riji\7      a.Csoo  to 

^t/ori^Xfi  ovxJoubciq  eiom  foni?  eiom  o-- 
to  £Xex*T  XjsoO  «rf*  no   aetoM   ,a*U  wertB^fltX 

.*3.q    .W  3X 

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Xaee  yd  rflaXiohrxw  ax  oxriO  to  tXail  mt$i*®  oriJ  xXiaoPf     .oirfG 
ti>rtoqa<>«ioa  afced  edT     .  t»twfconq  igiil  ir»v  a  s^cTa  arl^  a* 

^xia  ^sora  or!*  ot^   (qjj  moJJod  ori« 
low   oricT   ax   I   oH    «bsqoXovob  xioi/m  oia 

u/I  erf^  fix   xX^oorrxfj  i>oau  si   fxra  Xooo   jfoolff 
3it  erfj  to   d-iaq  me^asvr  xfJ-ion  erfJ  ni   bonin 


92 

the  coal  of  the  Hocking  Valley  and  is  mined  and  shipped  largely  to 

tho  west.-  "The  seam  varies  from  4*  to  13'«  •  '  •  ••  • 

Andrews  EvB,  Observations 'on  a  seam  ©f- Goal. -A«J«S-«  II-.  38*  194. 

Parallelism  ©f  Coal  Seams*  AtfJ^S,-  In4  3.  56. 

Comparison  between  -th-e -Ohio  and  TjT*Va-»  sides  of  tho  Alle- 

ghany  Coal  Field.  A0JaS0III.  10.  283-. 
Hunt  T«S.  The  Coals  ©f  t&e  Hooking  Valley. 0.  M.E.  2.  273-.  • 

The  Coal  and  Iron  of  the  Hocking  Valley  0.  M0E.  7.  313* 
Orton  E.  The  Bedford  Carmol.  Ey&  M.J.  Mar.  3.  1084.  p.  175. 
Ohio  Geol,  Survey,  Early  volumes  and  especially  Econ.  Geol  Vols  V 

and  VI. 
Tappan  Judge, Cannel  Coal  in  Ohi©a  A,J*S.  I.  18.  370* 

Poruisylvaniaa  The  western  portion'  of  Penn.  is  largely  coal 
bearing  end  contains  the  most  productive  aroa  of  bituminous  eoal 
in  the  U0S..  The  region  aroimd  Pittsburg  takes  the  lead  and  cont- 
ains the  best  known  seams 0  Tho  Pittsburg  bed  is  the  most  important  . 
it  runs  from  6V  to  10s  thick  and  affords  the  coking  coal  for  tfite 
Connelsvillo  ovens 0  There  are  12  or  15  seams  in  all,  others  of 
which  are  of  great  importance  and  are  known  by  loeal  names* 

Views  and  Sections. 
E.&  M: Jour*  The  Coimelsville  Coke  Region  of  V.Pa.  Mar.  S.  1879.  p. 

163.  Map. 

Mines  of  the  Pittsburg  <?c  Wheeling  Coal  and  Coko  Co.  Fob 

14th.  18G5.   104 0 
Hill.  F.Ao  Geology  and  Mining  in  the  Northern  Coal  Fields  Of  Pa.  M. 

E-.  15.   699 
Kimball  J.P.  The  Quemaboning  Coal  Field  of  Somerset  Co.  Pa.  *T»'J. 

M.E.  12,  459. 

Lesley  J.P.  The  Geology  of  the  Pittsburg  Coal  Region  M.E,  14,  613. 
Ray.  A.  The  Hahoning  Valley.  C©al  Region  M*B,  4.  188. 
de  Rivere  Ee  The  Mines  of  Mineral  Coal  in  Penn.  Ann.  des  Mines  (5) 

viio  iss5a-  p.  459.   ••.,...'•..".  r.  ^1-^v.  •;.»'*• 

Shinn  W.P.  Pittsburgo  Its  Resources  and  Surroundings.  M.I.  S.  11 
See  general  works  on  Coal  Macfarlane  otc.  2nd  Perar.  Geological 
Survey o  Loeal  Reports. 

Analyses  of  Bituminous  Coals .."   *»•  ' 
Volatile  Fixe& 

Carbon. Ash. 
5906  So23 
5703  3047 


Hydroc  a 

(Pittsburg  Seam)  2001 

West-Va.Va.(Kanaw}ia  P'd)  3509 

Ky.  ^(Eastern  F*d)  39«0 

Tonrt.  (Sewanee  Seam)  27.0 

Ala^'  (Warrioe  Seam)  31-«,X 

Ohio- (Sharon  Seam)  32-ft4 

Indo (Block  Coal  Clay  C©)  3205 

Ill:,(Vermillion  Co,)  23,3 

Kentucky   (Western  Ffd. )  3S00 


S.  H  0.  Sp.gr.SgvMs 
0.784  1V26  12302 
O.CO  3.25  1.328  17000 


5.00 


62. 
61. 
57-. 
61-. 
51-. 
57. 

0 
6 
5 
5 
3 
S3 

9. 

3. 

2. 
10 
2. 

0 

13 
5 
.60 

32 

0.92 

0.88 

10.24 

1 

2 
9 
3 

» 

• 
. 
• 

50 

5 
47 

30 

1 
1 

.247 

.241 

5100 
5530 
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6500 
36800 
3700 

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Volatile   Fixed 
Hydros   Carbon,  Ash,   S 
49-aO  45-.  0   2-o  00  2.00 


2.00 


\  7««0 
42V52  41-.  14  1£«7< 
35.72  33.97  9.00 


1.29 


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18000 

23X00 

17000 


See  under  Semi-bituminous* 
34'.!  61  o  4   4.77  2.39 


37.8 

35  .5 


59.3 
57.4 


2.60 
6,25 


2200 
12000 

S003 


Michigan 

Towa 

Missouri ,Rich  Hill-, 

Kansas , Crawford  Co. 

Arkansas, 

Nova  Scotia, 

3ncland  (Staffordshire ) , 

Tfales  . 

France. 

Belgium* 

Germany  * 

Australia* 

These  analyses  are  mostly  taken  from  the  Mineral  Resources  TJ*St 
The  State  Reports,  and  Hbfers  Kofclen  und  Elsenerzlagar-Btatten 
Nord  Amerikafs. 

SEMI-BITUMINOUS  COALS. 

The  principal  areas  of  these  coals  are  in  outliers  of  the 
main  Allcghany  field  £S  we  come  east  through  Pena.  and  Md.w  The  , 
strata  arc  extensively  folded  along  N«E»  &  S0W.  axes  and  in  out** 
l^ing  synclinal  basins  on  the  hill  tops  are  found  those  scattered 
fields.  In  Md.  we  hav«  the  Cumberland  which  is  a  prolongation  of 
the  Potomac  field  of  W,Va. .  The  Pitteburg  seam  14*  thick  is  tho 
«<fiier  one  mined  and  furnishes  a  most  excellent  coal  that  is  shipped 
away  in  great  quantities.  In  Perar*  are  the  Broadtop,  tho  Johns- 
town,  the  Snowsho«t  tho  Mclntyro,  the  Barclay  and  tho  Blossburg* 
The  somibituminous  coal  of  Ark»  has  already  boon  referred  to» 
For  litorature  soc  under  Bituminous. 

Tabl«  of  Analyses 9  Semi-Bituminous  Coals,  Areas. 

Volatile  Fixed  .   ** 

Ash 
9.  IS 
9.55 
9.125 


Bl  oss  burg, 

Barclay 

I'clntyre- 

Snow  Shoe 

Johnstown 

Eroadtop 

Cumberland 


Hydroc  , 

,  Carbon 

a.  13.5 

69,0 

•   17.1 

71.9 

17.940 

71.151 

•    1G-.540 

74.456 

•    17.5 

74.6 

d.   15.5 

74.0 

S 

0.65 


Sp«,0r 


5.95$ 
7.50 
10.5 
351 


O.C34 


i.aso 


1.05 
0075 
0.950 


50 


0.30        1.327 
1.33 


. 


25 
150 

3. 672      1.017      1,333 
These   analyses  are  taken  from  Repts   §«   and  If.M.,   Penn»   Survey 
and!  from  Macfarlane. 

ANTHRACITE  COAL, 

Still  further  to  the   oast,   the  volatile  matter  in  tho   coaX 
tinues   to  docre as e  and  in  eastern  Poruu    are   found  the   antlu-^acito 
basins 9     The so  are   synclinal  troughs   of  crescent ic   out lino ?    f: 
in  ntanber,    (1)    the  Sohuyllcill  Fisld,    including  the  Toaiaqua   ar/r 
Fotbsvillo  districts.    (2)    the  TiTostom  Middle  Fields    including 


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Shamokin&  Mahanoy  S2id  Broafi  Mtn  District  So   {3}  the  Eastern  Middle 
Ficld9  including  Drifton0  Haaelton^  Audonroid  and  other  centers* 
(4)  The  Northern  5'iold  including  the  Lackawarja  and  "'Wyoming  distri- 
cts.  (5)  "The  Layalsock  ?leld  with  Eernice.'  in'  (1;  "fifteen  beds 
have  been  recognized,  with  a  total  thickness  of  113%  SO*  bo  ins  in 
workable  bcds0   In  (4)  thero  are  twenty  bods,  of  which  nino  as  a 
maximum  are  •workable,  The  Mammoth  scam  is  the  best.  known  (reaching 
80--903  by  foldings)  and  being  often  over  29s*  This  is  no  advan** 
tag®  for  a  S'  seam  is  cheaper  to  min«» 

Views  and  sections, 
Ashburnor  CSA0  Engineers  Club,  Phila.  Ponn.  Juno  21.  1384. 

The?  Classification  and  Composition  of  the  Pom.  Anthra- 

cite Coal  MvEo  14«   70G,  Roo« 

The  Anthracite  Coal  Beds  of  Penn.  M.E,  11  *  13G. 

Seo  also  local  Reports  and  Maps  of  tho  2nd  .GooL  Survey 


CBR-,  Notes  on  the  Bornioe  Anthracite  Coal  Basin  Sullivan 

Co,  Penn,  M.E,  17.   605. 

Cox  D8Ba  Notes  on  a  peculiar  Variety  of  Anthracite.  M.E.  7.  213 
Losloj  J8P»  Coal  beds  in  the  Subcarboniferous  of  Perm.  A.J.S.  Ill 

10,  153.  Letters  describing  coal  bods  near  Broadtop. 
Sillintin  Bo  Notice  of  the  Anthracite  Region  in  tho  Valley  of  tho 
Lackawarma,  and  of  Wyoming  on  the  Sus'quehanna.  A.J.S.  I 
1C.  303  Also)  ,  Notes  on  a  Journey  to  Mauch  Chunk  and 
other  Anthracite  regions  of  Perm.  A.J.S.  I  19.  1 

The  Rhode  Island  Area0  The  most  easterly  outcrop  of  coal  is 
in  R.Iot   It  is  also  lowest  in  volatile  matter  and  approximates 
graphitGo  Various  attempts  have  been  made  to  mine  end  use  it  but 
not  very  successfully.  The  Carboniferous  rocks  extend  also  into- 
Mass  » 

Emmo?is  A.B.  Notes  ofl  the  Rhode  Island  and  Mass.  Coals.  Ma.E.lS.  510. 
Hayes  A.  A.  On  Rhode  Isl&nd  Coal  (Portsmouth)  A.J.S.II."  lie  257 
Hitchcock  E.Sr.  Tho  Coal\  Fields  of  Bristol  Co.  and  of  Rhode  Island 

A*J.S.  II.  1G.  327. 
Hoi  Icy  A,LC  Notes  on  tho  Iron  Ora  and  Anthracite  Coal  of  Rhode 

Island  and  Mass.  M.E.  5.  224.  E.&  M.J.  Doc.  1.  77.  p.  399. 

The  Colorado  anthracite,  that  near  Santa  Fo  and  that  in  Wash- 
ington have  already  bo  en  referred  to. 

Table  of  Analyses,  Anthracite  Coals.  Areas. 

Volatile  Fixed 

Semi  Anthracite      Hydro.   Carbon  Ash    S    HO  Sp.Gr  Sg.Ms 
Layalsock  (Bernice)      8.100  33*344  3.230  1.031  1.295      14(?) 
Carbondale  (Northern  P'd)  7.07  90,2   2.7 
TTilksbarre     •         7.€S  S3-.  9 
Lykens  Valley  (  Southern?  fl))8»  35  f>?t.2   2.9 

Anthracite. 
Pa.  South.  P'dCSchuylkill)  4.27   S3.S   S.1S  O.C41  3.09  1.63   14S.  , 


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Hydro ,   Carbon  Ash 

Pa. West  Mid.F'dCShamokin  ' 


3.72 

3.08 


end  Mahanoyl 

Pa.East  Mid.Fd(Lehigh) 

PaaNorth  Mi  d»Fd(  Wyoming 

and  Lackawai\a) 

Rh,  I'd  Newport* 

Gt. Britain  &  Wales 

Anthrac^.  Lignite  Santa 

Fe  New  Mexioo 

Anthrac     Lignite  Crested 

Butfte.    Cal.  .         5.16 

Pure  Graphite 


81.1 
86.4 


11.1 
5.92 


0.90 
0.50 


4.38 

83.7 

8.20 

0.73 

5.42 

74.4 

12.5 

0.28 

6.0 

92.5 

1.5 

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198 
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These  analyses  are  chiefly  taken  from  the  Mineral  Recourses 
UaSo  1883-84  and  Rep't  M,M.  2nd  Oeol.  Survey,  Penn0 

Mention  made  of  the  Acadian  Coal  Area  in  tt.S.  and  general  review 
of  the  structural  relations  of  all  the  Areas. 

Theories  of  the  Formation  of  Coal. 

The  Swamp  or  Peat-  Theoriefc  that  coal  seams  are  fossil  bods  of 
peat  compacted  together. 

The  Raft  Theory,  that  the  vegetable  material  has  boen  accumu- 
lated in  river  deltas.  Various  inorganic  and  laboratory  hypotheses 
which  have  .few  claims  to  credence.  The  Swaflp  Theory  is  the  moat, 
roasonabla.  The  character  of  the  plant  remains  in  Carboniferous 
coals  (  Sigillarids,  Lepidodendfcids,  Porns,  Conifers)  all  lowor 
forms  of  vegetation. 


Table 

Rhode  Island 

P^nn.  Anthracite 

Perm  Bituminous 

Wast  Virginia 

Virginia 

Maryland 

Ohio 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Michigan 

Missouri 

Iowa 

Kansas 


of  Coal  Production  in  1000  Long  Tons. 
1850  1860   1870   1875  1880 

14          6 

3321  8143   15648        2864 

7800         1842! 

1400 

669          100 
196   788          2342  2136 
2527         7000 
*   500   1000 

600 

11     60    323 
100 

2624        6115 
800   1500 
28          100 
.  621    750   844 
1461 
550 


1885 

1887  . 

6 

34228 

39506 

20647 

30866 

3098 

4836 

567 

795 

2865 

3278 

6078 

10301 

1700 

1933 

893 

1900  . 

2225 

1950 

134 

313 

9791 

10278 

2375 

3217 

45' 

71 

2750 

3209 

3579 

4473 

1212 

1597 

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185.0  1860    1870   1875   1880  1885    1£S7 

Indian  Territory  221  500    685 

Arkansas  134    150 

Wyoming  105    300   -  580  :  807    1170 

tf-tah       .  S^5  '  190    180 

Colorado  •  13     98    462  1356   17S1 

Ne-XF  Mexico  ,-275    508 

California  .  .  '       •      175  64     50. 

Oregon     V     •     •       •        30  744    31 

Washington  175  339'    772 

Montana  77    \  10 

Australia   .  ,  2749 

Elsewhere  \  103 

Gt  Britain        .';  :   -71079  '  159351  ' 

&ra.nce,,  Belgium  •  |    19800  36880 

Germany  12000  7211$ 

l^va  Scotia  77 

Other  Countries        14962  35957' 

Total  UdS«         •'     16513  30182  46712  65414  95832;  129  .'975 

Total  Foreign          110000  309000  \ 

These  figures  are  mostly  taken  from  the  10th  Census  anii  the 
Mineral  Resources  .  1885  and  1887  » 

Analyses  of  Statist  ids*  Remarks  on  the  equivalent  foot  pounds  of 


ASPHALT  AND  ASPHALT  1C  COALS, 

These  seem  to  be  inspissated  petroleum  and  have  been  found 
filling  fissure^  veins  and  beds.  The  Grahamite  of  W3Ya9,  $»»«  Alber- 
tite  of  N,B0  ,the  Uintahite  of  Colorado  and  Utah,  and  the  lonito  of 
Cal.  belong  here.  The  Graham!  to  filled  a  fissure  vein  cutting 
across  the  coal  measures.  They  are  used  as  gas  enr  ichors  o 

Asphalt  oozes  to  the  surface  in  the  Cal.  oil  region  an&  in 
Trinidad,  It  also  saturates  a  Swiss  limestone.  They  are.aw.oh 
sought  at  present  for  material  for  street  pavements, 

General  and  Foreign  Literature.  Broadhead  G.C.  Cent&'aftial 

Repts  and  Awards  O'p  I,  p.  2  On  Asphalt,  Bitunu.n  „  Petro- 

leum etc.   *  ^  ^ 

Green  F.V.  Asphalt  and  |ts  UstB.  M.B.  17«  355 
Kimball  J.P.  On  tho  occurrence  of  Orahamite  in  the  Huastaca  Mex.  , 

and  Notiee  of  the  Geology  of  thet  Region  *Afl  J^5.III*12 
Mauross  N.S.  Notice  of  tho  Pitch  Lake  of  Trinidad.  A.J*$.J,II.20ol53 
Fcckham  S.^.  Notes  on  the  Origin  of  Bitumens  with  expts  etc*  Am* 

Phil.  So«.  X.  445.  Also  Abs.  A.J.S.  II.  4S.  l-'l,  Rec. 
Silliman  B.Note  on  the  ITallovgongite  etc.  A.J.S.  II.  48o'|'-5 
Wall.  Kept  on  Trinidad  Asphalt  Nt  J.Geol.Soe.  XVI.  467 
Vfurtz.  H.  A  Theery  of  Asphalts,  E,<fe  M.Jeur.  July  27,  15'-$  p973  RQC 
California.  Hilgard  E.W.  Win.  Resources  U.  S.  1333-84  pa  93*'; 

Powell  S.  On  lonite  a  new  Mineral  .From  lone  Amadoi  <  CO/  Cal0 

Mining  &  Soi.  Press  S.F.  Mar.  24  1877.  A.J.S.  ill  16,  154 
Colorado.   Newberry  J.S.  Grahamite  in  Col  S.  of  M.Q.  VII  tv.  332 


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5V.,:  .VS  xXw^    ,-moL.M  AVS  .a*X«riqaA  to  tykjirfT  A   .H 

.•^q  -K$-58CX«8»U  aoo^roaoH.lltll   «W.S  bijBSXJTt      .BlrrrolilBO 
-XaC  -smA  onol  rae-rtU  Xa^err  e*tnol.  nO    ..3 

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•  JL     •  c<  >  .•  ^  /^-  4  v^^NI    w«k    4pHM    •  *•• 

:iiv  .p.M  to  .2  loO  ni  o*imai!a*«0  .8.1. 


••••'-•';  97 

New  Brunswick*-  "HiiidoHoY;  Prelim*  Rapt'o^ri  the  G^al^y-  of  iUBsOhap'-V 
Ki  t  chc  e-ck o'C  d  H 0  The  Alb  art  C  © al  c-  £  Alb c  *'t  it  3  of  N  9  B ,  A  w  J  a  ,£>  u  1 1 

39,,  £67  '*J 

•Jackson  C0Te   On  the  Asphalt  ic  Coals  of  N0B,  '£roc.  Bost  Soc 

Nat.  Hist.  April  I860,  pa279«,  AjJ.S.  TI»  lla  C92 
Pechharn  S0?o  On  the  Prcbbalo  Origin  of  Albert  It e  %r.d  ullVi^d 

Minerals  A0J0S.  II.  48.  362.  Mai>y  ftef.  givon. 
Ohio*  Loeds  A0Ro'  Asphalt Ic  Coal  from  the  Shale-  of  tho  Huron  fiivfcr^ 

Ohio.  A-'jn.  Lye.  N3H0  Jv/ne  1875.  /^J*S.  III.  10,  003 
Utah0-E.&  Mo  Jour.  Uint&hite  a  n*w  Variety  of  Asphalt  v,»n  from  the 

Ulzrteh  Mtns .  Utah  Lcc.  26,  1885,  p.  431 

Blake  V  P.UintaMte  S0&  M,J.  Doc  26.  18SC/ A. J.I.III,  31,  231 
Locke  J0M0  Glls»nite  or  Uintahita  a  new  Variety  of  Asphaltum 

from  Uiiitah  Mtns*  Utah  M0£«  16 *  1(52 
Raymond  RoX7-.  Ncte  on  a  Specimen  of  Gilsonito  frem  l/intah  Co, 

Utah  M.2;  17 o  113  Uintahita  ,Albertlte  oto-a 
Wurta  H,  Ulntahlte  a  variety  of  Or&'haait«o!S<,&*M«  J,  Au^{  10. 

1889  p.  114 

West  Virginia.  Fontaine  \7m*  M.  Grahamita  at  tho  Ritohio  Mine  A.J 
So  III,  Q9  409  Als&  Notes  en  the  Yf,,Va,  Asphalt  tun  Dop/ 
AdJ»S»  III.  60  409  i  e,  en  W^'Va.  Crahamit.Oi 
-Lesley  J0P«  'On  an  Asph&lti^m  Ccal  Vein  in  \74Va«  Am*  Philo  Soc. 

VII,   I860*  185  t 

Wurtz  H.  On  Grahawite  A.J.S,  II.  42.  420/ 

Note*  Shales  occur  at  times  no  soaked  with  bituminous  matter  as 
to  yield  copious  distillation  products.  They  are  virtually  r.  coal 
enormously  high  in  ash,  and  have  been  distilled  isn'tho  0*.ely  w-nnu*- 

facture  of  kerosene* 

s^^.   ?<x^-u/.  '6+6+$*4v+4- 


Graphite  in*Hev  Brunswick  A.JcSo  II.  14o  280 

E»&  M3?eura  Oecurrenee,  pr«dufttion  *tc0  Apr-  17 a  1SS6  p»  283 

"•Vacation  Notes  on  N,Y.  Tleondereg^  Graphite  AugV24.  1809 

PC  158. 
Bawson  J0D*  On  the  Graphite  of  the- Laurent ian  of  Canada  ^warto  *Tour 

Goolo  Sot.  1869a  112o  A6J0S.  II.  500  150  Xt««0 
Praaer  P.  Relations  of  the  Graphite  deposits  «f  Chester  Oo0  Pao  to 

th®  Geology  of  the  roeks  containing  th©a»  M92o  9«>  730 
Nason  P0Lo- Bull  „  4a  p«]A,X9»Yf  State  Museum. 
Kewberry- JaS.  Origin  of  Graphite  S-.o-f  M.  Quarterly  VI H0'  334., 
Walker  J.A.  General  Article.  E«&  M0J»  Sept.  22 a  83*  pft  186..  Kec..  . 

Graphitio  oshists  are  not  uncontnon  in  tbPArohaeanP  in  th3 
region  of  r»«ks  of  motamorphic  oharact«r;  G'Jrqphitft  has  been1  mined 
at  Ticonder^ga  N,Y»  and  at  various  plao«a  thr»wfth«ut  the  Ksv  3n^» 
land  States,  aiac  in  Canada o  Tho  greater  part  new  used  is  imported 
from  Coylon,  The  eld  mines  near  5fic».>T<5.»a*og«  were  in  a  srsrias  of 
elliptical  ehiniaays  filled  with  o&Xcit«  andgs-'aphitw  probably  mark- 
ing decided  swoll  and  pinches '-nlong  a  '73in0   2h0y  were  l»Mg  sinoe 
worked  ©utc  The  present  workings  ai-o  on  a  b^i  of  graphite 


I*»0  JtecUA  eriT 


watt 


»i*£M(jf«A  .rit  «0      .T.O 

.CVS.q    .0831 
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e   2   1/2  milas  west,  of  Hague   «n  Lak«   Gs®rgea      Tha-  QcMcfts    consist 
graphite   and  quartz  with  abcut   10?o   &f  the  fttnnsiv      II;    :;U   ortts&sd 
cl  washed*      Graphite   in'  many   instances   is  undoubtedly  &  h:;.£./v-.y 
altorod  form  of   organic    (vegetable    )   matter  (   R«  I,  Gi-aphitiU  Aat&ra*- 
oitajv     The  origin  ef  the  metamarphic   racks,   havre'rer^    J.savoe  i^/ah 
to   speculation,   nor  as   yot  can  anyone   sp&ak  d&oidedly  /er  -AJ.3.   the 

contained  graphite. 

«»••  ' 

PETROToEUMo   NATURAL  GAS, 


Andrews  EQB0  Petroleum  in  its  G&clogical  Relations.  AoJoSa  XI  42 
23,  Seo  also  Rock  Oil,  its  Geologloal  Relati«ais  and  , 
Distribution  A,  J0  Sa  II,  32,  S5 

Buck  W^J,  Sarly  Accounts  of  Petroleum  in  'the  UaS»  Hist*  Qae 

Mar.  3.5  1876  .,  Mineral  Paiuplilott  Cornell  Library  Vol.  I 

Carll  J.Po  2nd  Go©la  Surv.  Penn,  Rept  .  III.P.270  Roc, 

Dana  J^D.,  System  of  Mineralogy  a  Chap,  on  Mineral?  f?f  the  H;/d( 


Evans  S0W3  On  the  Action  of  Oil  Wells  (Dovelopwent  ©f  Cavity  f.h 

A.  J3S.  II.  38,  159 
E,&  M0Jour0  Kerosene  etc.  Kistofry  @f  a  great  industry  in  years 

past,  and  the  possibility  of  its  revival.  Pobo9  S4-,pc,99. 
11  The  Mendeleeff  Theory,  Theory  of  the  Format  ifcn  of  Fetro« 

leum  Dec  22  18SO  -•  525 
Hoefer  Kanns*  Petroleum  and  its  Contents*  Reviewed  Ai^5  4  2883  p0  81 


Hitchcock  C,H,  Petroleum  in  N»Amer«  Geol,  .Mag*  IV  35  «  186  7  Nrxan 

Jahr.  1S67  p.  623  Rec, 
Hunt  T5S«  Contributions  tfc  the  Chemical  and  Geological  -History  of 

Bitumens  and  Pyroschists  ©r  Bituminoiis  Shalas  A^Jc.  S0T"£ 

33  157  Sec  also  Chemical  and  Geological  Bssays-e 
Kramos  ue  Bottger.  Pishoil  Theory*  Ber,  da  Ch©m,  6es@ll0  200  295fl  »> 

Anu  Chem.  Jour.  11  •  130 
Lesley  J0Pa   On  the  Geological  Position  ©f  Oil  Wells  »  Proc  «  .Amc.  • 

Phil,  Sod.  Vol.  X.  p.  139.  A3J9S.  II,  41,   139- 
Hewberi'y  JbS,>   Origin  and  Distribution  of  Petroleum  in  the  U.,8* 

Proc0  Nat,  Ac  ad,  1865  « 
B   Origin,  and  Relations  of  the  Carbon  Minerals  «  Armais  N3Y» 

Acadc  Sci»  Vol.  II  Ne,  9^   1SS2-—     .  .  - 
Orton  Ea  Oeol  0  Ohio  Val  VI  Chapft  II  p,60,K©a. 
Peckham  S0F*   10th  Census  Vol  X  p,3  Beca  lAiIl  References  up  ta 

1880  in  this  M«n»graph9        .  •  .  - 

SeF9peskham  in  10th  Census  V«l  X.  classified  these  evolved 
products  er-  bitumens  as  fallo^rp.  (1)  Solid.  Asphaltum;  (2)  Semi- 
fluid. Maltha;   (3)  Fluid  Petr^l«u»;   (4)  SassQus,  Natural  Gas  o 
T/e  have  to  do  with  $3)  and  $4). 

Petroleum  and  Natural  Gas  Are  of  necessity  treated  in  connec- 
tion with  each  other.   Both  havQ  been  known  i  in  this  scuritry  freai  -a 


•:.-c£T      •  •ait-tD  arfail  rt*  ex/ssH  It    te  ow  3- 


. 


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f>ff«  me^ltuX&H  lAci^oIoaO  a^l    «XxO  atoioH  oaXB  oeS 

C8    tSS   *II    .8*^, A  rtoi^dxi^.' 

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r  early  period  but  the  farmer  camo  into  extended  i&ss  $l:<om,  1SGO 
time  latter  in  the,  last  ten  years »   (Historical  ra-aar^s) « '  ;:j&it 

water  is  well-nigh  universally'  associated  with  the  oil  aud  $sa 
The  Penno  anl  N.Y*  Fields.  The  productive  oil  districts 

nd  in  two  principal  belts,  running  from  northeast  t#  oeuthwcst* 

The  most  northerly.' begins  in  Alleghany  Co.  N«Y0  with  tho  AXleghany 
district,  and  runs  southwest .  through  Cattaraugus  Oo*  H«Y»  and  Mc~ 
Kean  Co0  Penn0'  (Bradford  .Diet.};  Warron  and  #ort?0t  Oo»s  I'fee/^cn^-'/Sr 
Forest  Dist);  and  nuns  eut  in  Venango  Oo<>  (Venaaig©  JD10t}»  1'he- 
next  belt  begins  in  Clar-  ion  Co«  and  extonds  flouth^wst  in*o  ftutler 
(Butler  Dist);  and  Beaver  C»0'8  (B&avsr  Bist}*  "'htire  &ro 
small  fields-  in  Weftoerelstiod  and  Croons  Co0's  ID  th«  c^^h 
of  the  state a~  'The  first  disaa'tfsriee  w^re  in  the  Von^r/^  Di»lU  at 
Titus ville  judt  over  the  border  of  V^riaugs  0i>o  and  J,a£or  i?t  Oil 
City  in  the  county  itself ,  In  subsequent  years  the  ethar  fields 
were  opened*-  The  early  veils develeped  the  fact  that  in  a  1000* 
ansL  laere  of  Gatf?kill  Shales  tkere  wf?re  thre3  b$do  of  p-arc'as  &an<5» 
stcne  -\edLi  sa'nds)  that  e^nt&incd  petr^le'o^i,  and.  ian  0X9ftpti4Aal^ 
cases  a  fourth*  ^han  all  v/ore  present  /the  ^Sl  was  fcmrt  in  t'h® 
lowest  be  do  One  ©r  more  might  be  wanting;  and  than  tho  la*7C3i'  «£ 
the  remainder  contained  it>  The!  wells  vars  first  su^c  in  if;? 
river  valleys  but  later  ones  spread  baofc  in  the  hills  aad 
subordinate  sandstone  beds  lying  higher  than  the  oil  eunda  pr* 
and  these  were  called  mountain  sands*  Another  lower  lying  eeries 
has  been  tapped  in  the  Bradford -field»  Th«9^.v-  sandstcns  b«da  are 


a  very  porous  rocldome times  a  deeided  conglamerat^* 
a  thin  lentieular  shape  being  proved  by  the  drill  to  bo  thickest 
in  tte  middle  of  the  fields  and  tappgieg  to  a  feather  edge  in  the 
outskirts*  They  were  early  regarded  as  originally  sand  bars  er 
river  beds  but  probably  they  only  swell  and  pinch  as  sandstone  beds 
•always  do*  The  necessary  combination  is  an  ittperrioitts  reof  (Gener- 
ally slate)  a  porous  reeepticlo,  (  here  sandstone)  and  a  bitumi- 
nous source  (lying  belotr)» 
New  Yerk  Ashburner  C0A«/  Petroleum  and  Natural  Gas  in.  N»Y0 '  State- 

kUB,  1$,  906 

Sillimart  B*Sr0     Koti&e  of  a  Ponuation  of  Petroleum  o&lled  the 
Oil  Spring  {  near  Owba  Alieghasiy  Coa  N-,Ya )  AdJdfiT^30   97 

'«f.0il  in  l-sm*'  and  NCY*  3E0*  M.Jeur. 
p-o    315  •  -     • 

E«si  KaJour*  The '    ona»   Oil  Regions,,  Their  Geoicg/  and  History 

3dpte/cber  3     1881.    p0   150, 

Oil  Walls  off  Pona,   and  Ohio     A.J.S^  -II*   30<,      3C5, 
AshbuiTtei-  GaAo  The  Bradford  Oil  Dista   Pena.  M9Eft   70   SIS- 

*     The-  Product  and  Exhaustion  ©f  the  Oil  Region  of  Ponn*   and 

H»Y,-    M,10   14,   419  o 

Garil  J»-p»-  2nd  Geol  Stirvey  P0nn0  'Kept.  III0  - 

Lesley  J0P,  On  th«-  Allegheny  River  at  IBradys  Bond,  Proe  Atnq  . 
Phil.  SOG«  X.  266  1866.  » 


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HoEv  2nd  Geoi»  Survey  Kept.  J«  Petroleum  of  Penn0  Rec* 
\7rigley  H0E.  On  the- yPresent  and  -Prospective  Condition  of  the 
'.Peytroleum  fields  of  Pem*  E«&  M.J.  Aug.  2.  1879.  p»70 

?:h3  Eastern  Ohio  and  West  Va.  Fields.  Various  scattered 
occurrences  are  known  in  the  first  named  state*  The  Mecca  Field 
of  Trtsnbull  Co*  affords  lubricating  oils  from  the  Berea  Grit  of  the 
Lower  Carboniferous.  The  most  productive  wells  lie  however  along 
the  so-called -"White  Oak  anticlinal  which  extends  from  Wirt  Oo.  West 
Va,  across  the  Ohio  at  Marietta  and  north  through  Washington  Co. 
having  the  Macksburg  field  on  the  north.  The  Volcano  Pield  of  West 
Va.  is  the  one  best  known  in  that  state.  The  anticlinal  axis  it- 
self undulates  and  in  the  do press ions the  oil  is  found.  This  anti- 
clinal is  often  called  the'oil  break*.  The  oil  is  contained  in  the 
Berea  Grit,  being  roofed  by  the  Cuyahoga  Shale.  These  districts 
•wore  developed  about  1865. 

* 

Tho  Northwestern  Ohio  District.  In  the  northern  prolongation 
of  tho  Cinsinnati  Arch,  a  very  productive  oil  and  gas  field  has 
lately  been  cponod  up  about  Pindlay  and  Lima  Ohio.  The  oil  comes 
froKi  the  Trenton  limestone  here  forming  a  flat  arch,  with  gas  at 
the  summit 9  oil  next  on  the  flanks  and  brine  further  out* 

(  Map  and  Geological  Sections)* 
Ohio.  Orton  Ec  Boon.  Geol,.  Ohio  (tool.  Survey.  Vol.  V.ob  VI.  Roc. 

Preliminary  Kept,  on  Oil  &  Gas  in  Ohio. 
Warner  A.J0  On  the  Oil  beaming  Rocks  of  Ohio  and  W,Va.  A.J0S. 

IH.   2*   215. 
Tfest  Va.  Bvans  E,W.    On  tho   Oil  producing  Uplift  of  V/.Va.   A.J.S.II 

42,    334 

Kentucky  and  Tennessee  Fiords.  Various  districts  have  produ- 

yfl  but  tho  best  known  is  the  Burkesville,  along  the 
Cumberland  River,  in  southwestern  Ky.  and  Temu.  The  neighboring 
fcowTi  oi  Glasgow  ig  now  tho  only  active  Qroduoer  and  the  amount  is 
no*  very  snail.   Its  source  is  from  the  horizon  of  the  Utioa 
31atesa   Oil  is  also  known  in  other  parts  of  the  state, 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee*  Lesley  J.P.  Petroleum  of  Ky.  and  Records 

of  Borings  in  Perm.  Proo.  Amer.  Phil.  Soe.  Vol.  X.75.  33 
Popular  Pallacos  respecting  Petroleum.  Vol.  X.  p.  HO/ 
Safford  J,M.  Noto  on  the  Geological  position  of  Petroleum 

reservoirs  in  South  Ky.  and  Tenri.  A.J.S.II.  42.  104 
Shaler  NaS,  On  Mineral  Origin  from  Devonian  Shales.  Report  Ky 
Survey  III,  109 

Colorado*  Fremont  Co,  Col. produces  considerable  oil  for  loeal 
t  comes  from  the  Col^  Shales,  of  the  Cretaceous. 

are  near  Florence  Just  below  Canon  City,  on  the  Arkansas 
River fr,a:iid  on  the  outskirts  of  the  Canon  City  Coal  region*  It  yields 
about  4<?£  illuminating  products  the  remainder  being  lubricating  oilS. 


K   .rmQ^  lo  fltt/sXotJeS   .L    .JqeH  Y9VW3   .tost)  b^S   0Sc.H 

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Ml    lo  ili€  aa*fea  eri^  caotl  allo  snijaolicfca  afciot^a   .oO  Hi; 

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toa  .t^  ^o  o*»fl«*ft(*   .^^  X^Xc  -asd^f;  jr^no 

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«oO  x*^-1  noiiBO.>rL+  *:     ,     .T,' 
Xio     /rtJaaitdifX     oied  leJbniBfnoi  erf*   ad  .' 


Ihlscng  M.C.  Ann,  Report  Col,  Scho  of  Mines'o  1806, 
Newberry  J.S.  j-he  Oil  Fields  of  Col«  S«of  'M«Q.  X,  Jane  1889 3  Reo 
E.&  M.Jour.  Dec.  15   1388.  p. 479. 

California*   Considerable  oil  is  produced  in  Ventura  and  Los 
An^clos  Cn's,  in  *lw  sotrth^  stern  part  of  tho  etat?.  The  otl  rrhieh 
has  been  obtained  in  increasing  quantities  of  lato  yoars  comas 
from  shales  of  the  Miocene  Tertiary.  I thardens ' readily  to  asphalts 
quantities  of  which  occur  along  the  outcrop  of  tho  shales. 
California.  Goodyear  V. A.  State  Mineralogist  Report  10&7. 
Silliman  B.Jr.  Petroleum  in  Cal.  A.'j.S.II.  39.  101 

11  Exam,  of  Petroleum  from  Cal.  A. J.S, II.  30*  341 
Silliman  B.  onr>Naptha  and  Illuminating  Oil  from  Heavy  Cal. 

Tar.  A. J.S. II.  43,  242 

*  On  the  Oil  Property  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Cal.  Petro- 
leum Co.   Separate  Print,  1365 

Canada.  Petroleum  also  occurs  at  Enniskillen  Just  northwest 
of  Lake  Erie  in  the  Corniferous  limestone. 

Hunt  T,S,  On  the  Geology  of  Southwest cm  Ontario,  A,>JdSaII  4G*  355 
Reports  of  Canadian  Geological  Survey. 
Winchell  A.  Note  on  tho  Goal,  of  Petroleum  in  Canada  Wost.  A,J<,S, 

II.  41.   17S. 

Mention  made  of  the  oil  fields  of  Galicia,  Austria  and  of  Baku 
on  the  Caspian  Sea.  (Mioceno  Tertiary).  Maps  and  Socticms  of  the 
Amorieon  localities.  It  vrill  bo  remarked  that  in  America  we  obtain 
oil  from  sandstone  roceptaclos,  (Ponn.  and  Eastern  Ohio)  from  liir.c«- 
stonc  (Northv/estorn  Ohio  and  Canada),  and  from  shalos( Colorado  and 
California).  These  points  will  be  referred  to  again  in  speaking 
of  t&e  theories  of  formation  aftor  describing  Natural  Gae» 

t 

NATURAL  GAS. 
Ashbumcr  C.A.  The  Geology  of  Natural  Gas.  M»E.  14.  428. 

•    The  Geological  Distribution  of  Natural  Gas  in  the  U.S. 

H.E.  15.  505  E*&  M.J.  Jan.  15&  22.  1O37.   58.  Prolim. 

Paper.  E.&  M.J.  Nov.  6.  1CGG.  p.  332. 

Amer.  Man.  &  Iron  World.  Dec.  30.  ir£T7.  General  Review  to  1387. 
Chance  H.M.  The  Anticlinal  Theory  of  Natural  Gas.  M.E.  15.  3 
Goetz.  G.T7.  Nctes  on  Fuel  Gas.  M.E.  Tfash.  Mooting  Pob.  1390. 
Mineral  Resources.  Tho  Volumes  containing  ^11  Annual  Reviews.  1\ec.  /$i 
Newberry  J.S.  The  Origin  of  tho  Carbonaceous  Matter  in  Bituminous 

Shales.  Nat'l  Acad.  13C3.  p.  357. 
Orton.E^l  Dolomitization  Idea.  Am.  Man.  and  Iron  World.  Pittsburg 

Doc.  2.   1087.   p. 21 

.    •/,  On  the  Pressure    of'Natural   Gas.   Am.    Geol.    Soc.    1590.  Sf-. 

Whits   J,Cft   Anticlinal  Theory,   .Sci,    June   2G.lSTt5  Petroleum  Age  for 

Mar.    1.T33.   A.J^s,,!!!,,    31.    393.      See   also  Ashburner,  Soi^-)'; .€  ' 

July.    1^-5. 


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102 

The  early  oil  wells,  and  the  still  earlier  salt  wells  often 
liberated  great  quantities  of  gas  whose  inflammability  was  known* 
In  ?.  few  pla-oe-s'  -it  was  locally  used  for  illumination  and  heat3 
(Predonia,  N8Y0)0   Its  explosive  nature  and  the  apparently  very 
greet  pressure  at  which  it  oame  out  militated  against  its  ousa. 

Within  the  last  five  or  six  years  it  has  however  beezt  success- 
fully collected,-  piped  long  distances,  and  employed  for  all  the 
purposes  of  fuel.   It  is  incomparably  the  best  fuel  that  has  been 
burned*  The  search  for  it  has  been  prosecuted  vigorously  in  many 
parts  of  the  country  and  has  served  to  reveal  its  presence  in  a 
number  of  regions  not  thought  to  contain  it« 

Nevr  Yorko  Energetic  search  has-been  made  in  N.Y.«  GHs  lias 
been  found  and  is  #ew  used  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state 
in  the  oil  region.   Its  geological  occurrence  is  similar/ to  the 
oil  referred  to  above*  Smaller  amounts  have  been  obtained  near 
Buffalo  from  the  Sa^'ilina;  in  Ontario  Co.  from  tho  Marcellus;  and 
near  Oswego  from  tho  Trenton*, 
Ashburner  C^A*  Petroleum  and.  Natural  Gas  in  N.Y.  M.E.  16.  906« 

Geology  of  Buffalo  as  related  to  Natural  Gas  Explorations 
along  tho  Niagara  River*  M.E.  17.  398. , 

Williams  HCS.  Geology  of  Southvrott  N,Y,» Petroleum  Age  Bradford :•  Ponn. 
1857.   p.  1642 

Pennsylvania,,  The  chief  productive  regions  are  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Pittsburg  to  which  tho  gas  is  piped*  The  wells  are 
located  along  the  Allegheny  River,  and  further  north  on  the  out- 
skirts  of  tho  oil  fields.  Also  to  the  southwest  in  Washington  Co.. 

The;  £&  comes  from  several  horizons  from  the  Portage  up  into 
tho  Goal  Measure BO  The  wells  aro  situated  along  anticlinals  as. 
will  bo  noted  later.  s  ' 

See  Papers  cited  under  General  Literature  above. 

Oho^lo  Considerable  gas  is  obtained  in  tho  eastern  part  of  • 
jOhoo,  in  the  oil  regions  and  is  locally  used.   (Bast  Liverpool, 
Wellsburg)e  It  comes  from  the  Berea  Grit  of  tha  Lower  Carbonifer- 
ous,{Soe  under  Ohio  Petroleum  above).  But  the  greatest  source  of 
gas  is  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state  near  Pindlay.  The  gas 
comes  from  the  Trenton  limestone  along  the  northern  prolongation 
of  the  Cincinnati  arch* 
Newberry  HcStt  In  Am*  Chern*  Doc  1870  Notices  two  or  three  strong 

Wells.          .  ••  •  • 

On  Ohio  and -other  Gas  Wells  A.J»S,III.  5.  225. 
Orton  Sa  Preliminary  Report  Columbus  1887 « 

Vol.  V  &  VI  Ohio  Gool.  Survey  on  Economic  Geology.  Ree 

Indiana*  Much  gas  has  also  been  obtained  from  the  region 
about  Kokomo,  Nobiesville,  and  Muneie  Ind,  from  the.  Trent  on. 
Gorby  15th  Annual  Report  Ind.  Geological  Survey. 
Phinney  Natural  Gas  in  Ind,  Amer.  Man.  &  Iron  Vorld  Aug*  1887 

:'• 

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••*.  TS-.I  '•*?.> 

"Analyses  of  Natural  Gas. 

CIV   C^H6    N    -  H  C^H^  0   CO^  {JO  H^S 

Pcnn,  (Grapevine)   35.08  28.87  27,87  7,05  0*17  0*16  Oa5S  0*22 
Ohio  Christ  Liverpool)  • 

Ohio  Oindlay)      92062       3.61  2-.18  0-.30  0.34  0026  0»50  0020 

Xiid0  (Mutxele)        92,67  •     3.53  2.35  0025  0035  0,>25  0045  0015 

Those  analyses  wsre  taken  from  Orton's  Reports  Ashburiier'' a  Paper 0 

The  Origin  of  Petroleum  and  Natural  Ga30 

(The- Students  are  referred  to  Ortoris  Papers  Geol0  Ohio  Vol  VI 
Chap 0II  for  a  clear  review  and  statement  to  which  those  not 03  are,. 
largely  indebted). 

Chemical  Theories.  Bertholet  (1866) a  By  the  reaction  of  water 
at  high  temperature  carryong  CO^  in  solution  en  the  alkalies  sup« 
posed  to  exist  in  a  metallic  state  in  tho  interior  of  the  earth* 
Mendel e Jeff  (1877)*  By  the  reaction  of  water  at  high  temperat^cr^ 
on  rootallic  iron  and  metallic  Carbides  supposed  to  exist  in  the 
interior  of  the  earth. 

Bertholot,  Annales  Chem,  d  Phys.  IX  481, 
Mendolejeff  Revue  Soientifique  1877  409, 

Organic  Theories.   In  general  by  the  chemical  alterations 
which  organio  matter  undergoes  when  buried  in  the  rooks.   It  would 
e  com  as  if  the  limestone  and  shale  oils  and  ajgs  may  have  resulted 
from  the  animal  matter  buried  in  them..  They  have  moro  sulphurous 
compounds  as  shawn  by  the  »nalys«s  quoted  above  of  gas  frem  tho  . 
Trenton,  and  have  stronger  and  more  disagreeable  odors  and  larger 
percentages  of  nitrogen.  Recent  experiments  have  shown  a  close 
analogy  between  the  produets  obtained  from  fiih  «11  (Menhadtm)  and 
petroleum.  • 

Engler  C»  Beriohte  d  chem.  SOB.  21.  2188  Am.  Chenu  Jour,  llo  130 
Peckhaia  S0P.  10th  Census  Vol.  X.  69. 

Per  tho  oil  and  gas  so  far  obtained  from  sandstone,  an  origin 
frorr<  vegetable  tissues  is  more  probable  and  these  were  fcaubtless 
in  a  lower  lying  sourc*;  so  that  the  sandstones  are  only  the  reoep«~ 
tacle0  The  evolved  products  passed  off  as  indicated  in  the  dd«BB- 
Gioii  of  tsoal  and  Tie  re  collected  in  the  higher  lying  receptacles  0 

On  the  basis  of  a  universal  origin  of  petroleum  from  organic 
Tissue  in  limestones,  Hunt  (1863)  has  argued  its  derivation  by  the  . 
decomposition  ©f  this  tissue  in  the  Calcareous  receptacle., 
Newbcrry  (1S59  qnd  later)  has  described  the  changes  of  organic 
mat tei*, probably  chiefly  of  vegotable  character  .in  chales,as  a 
spontaneous  distillation  at  lov  temper at uresf  and  to  be  continuous, 
not  distinguishing  with  all  desirable  sharpness  between  tho  chemi- 
cal processes  of  decamp 05 It ion- and  distillation,  but  furnishing 
a  conception  whose  main  points  hav«  beeii  widely  aeo«pted  since<> 
S.F^Peekiisun  uses  distillation  moro  aecitrdtely  and  ref»r/^a  tho  oil 
and  gas  of  Penu»  te  tlitt  h^at  engendered  by  the  elevation  and  met"' a- 
morphism  of  the  Appalaohiajic ,  (1*9, destructive  distillation)  r:c-tini; 


nr 


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on  organ  is  tissue  in.- .bituminous  shales*     Ag  Crtcn  eays»   h0<7®f?fir,   *£ 
There   is  no  metamorphism  and  comparatively  little  diftuyfetltet   in 
eastern  Ohio9     Conceiving  its  formation  to  bs  tor  gom-i  eueh  £PO«i»* 
sss-s  as  these,   the  collection  and  storage  ream  in,  to  &§  ien*idO**d* 
E.,:-.  .Andrews  of 'Ohio,   developed  in  1^1   (A.^n.n,    &&*    -5)    -h 
"Cavity  Theory"  which  concolvod  of  oavo*OJ*n^f Issuroi   in  v/hidh  wore 
coiiec-ted  gas,   oil  afcd  salt  water  in  the  order  of  th@i?  ipeeifia 
gravities,   the  lightpst  on  top.     Th«  prodttstii  of  tho  heriaoh  at 
which  the  drill1' penetrated,  were  first  yielded*     Ehig  was  an  sttQfflf 
to  accoimt  for  neighboring  0asf  oil  and  vmt&r  vellg  and  vas  the 
explanation  most  widely  accepted  untile  tho  roeent  iftttPdlt   in  £&*% 

Tho  general  alifiruttont  of  wells  alonfi  afltielinsfi  bid 
notod9     Prom  this  suggestion  and  by  a  series  of 
level ino;s  and  v/oll  records  I«OfTfhitd  of  V/*Va*   d 
clinai  Theory  (Scien^b  Jiano  2(5  1S05)  now 'quite 

for  many  regions.     The  gas,   oil  and  salt  wftt^r  ^rs  thou/Jf*t   te  ftO,l 
lect  beneath  tha  anticlinal  arch  with  tha  0as  at  th«  t^p*,     A  v/oll 
at   tho  crest  would  thus '  yi old  gagf   a  little  way  out  en  th« 
oil;   further  out,  sajbt  wator,     Orton  shewed  in  18S7 
&  lorn  T7orld,   Pittsbferg  Dec.   2.   1887)£that  mnftlygtg  bf 
from  tho  Tronton  lim)»stone  of  Ohio  indicated  a  dolomite 

OaOOi       Mft  00^     fe^O^Al^ 
Unchanged  Tronton  Limestone         79*30       OtfS  7*00  12»00 

w  S2.36       1.37  0,aS  12,34 

Trenton  Limes tono.  Okfe  Region     53.50       43.50  Ii26  1,70 

r  f         "          51. 7S       36980 

From  this  the  inforonc'.?  is  dra^m  tliat  dolomltlaation  has  ejeis 
ted  in  making  tho  lifcestonc  porous.     Orton  has  alee  shown  that 
anticlinals  are  not  ,taarkod  in  Ohio  but  aro  of  a  gently  dhuracter 
and  fthat  often  they  are  only  nioncclinal,    ("Arrostod  AntioliAOf"). 
but  at   the  crests  of'-'thoaa  the   oil  etc.   collocto.    (Boon.   CfQQl,    of, 
Ohio  Vol.  VI.)     The  same  author  has  also  shown  that  tho  proattttUP 
of  tho- gas  is  purely  hydrostatic.      (Bull,   of  tho  3©olfl   &Qti »  Amor. 
Voi  ic  p.  ^"jJan.   189&).     Tho  rocont  work  of  Orton  and  flhito  ooneti 
tvitos  a  brilliant  chfcptor  in  Amoricnn  Zoology. 

Ozocerite  or  l!*rioral  TTax.     This  ha*  gonorally  boon  desorlbed 
as  a  natural  paraffino 'belonging  chemically  to  the  paraffin? 
and  the  result  of  tho  inspiration  or  natural  diatillfition  of 
petroleum  under  conditions  that  produced  ,-,  Mlfiov&l  '»7£ix  ins  toad  of 
on  asphalt o     Recently  Dr. H.Wurtz  has  advancod  tho  thoo*y  that  tho 
ozocerite  belongs  to  the  olofine  series  and  that   it  b«9   rSnultod .,». 
from  petroleum  by  a  polymeric   change »     Th'j  ncit«ra.l  VP^S'^O   tiro   found 
in  this  country  in  Utah,    in  tho  San  Poto  salloy.    finfi   oooui1  in  sand 
stones,     Tho  quantity  is  said  to.  fo$  lar^o  and  is  naw  an  important 
Q-eonomic   product £^130000  Ibs.   woro  produced  in  1889* 
E0&  M,  Jour a     Blatorite  or  Mineral  tfax.   Jul(y  6.   1882*  p92 
w      Ozocerite   or  Mineral  tfa*.   Mar.    14.   1886,   p. 163 
c      "        p     Mineral  Wax.    July  6.    1389.   p.    8.   Roc. 


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*r.--  nl  na  vdir  el  IbxtA  ea«iaX  td-.ot  J^i  X*  .,.    - 

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105 

Lay  Yf.L.  General  Occurrence  in  Europe  and  America.  Trans.  N.Y4  Aoacl 

Sol.  Vol.  II,  1882.  p.  4-3  j 

NcYrberry  J.S.   E.&  M.jour.   May.   17.   1S79  p.349.   A.  J.S.  III.   17,    340 
T^iT-trs  !*.   Thff-Utah  Mineral  ^ax.^.A  M.Jour.   ycb.   15  1379.   p919? 
"        •     The   Utah  Ceroid  Minerals  E.&  M.J.Ajtatl  5.    79  p.  334     Also 

March  22.    1879.    p.  199. 

•  •  Tho  Utah  Mineral  Waxes.  E.&  'ft.  Jour.  July  3.  1889  p.  25, 

*  •  A  Theory  of  Asphalt  c-G©nesls  E.&  M.J.  July.  27.  39.  p»23 
Various  fossil  gums  and  resins  lllke  amber,  cum  copal  etc.  are 

produced  elsewhere  in  the  world  but  are  of  no  importance  in  the  U.S 

Reference  may  also  he  made  to  the  diamond  pnd  itc  probablo 
origin  in  some  cases  through  the  action  ©f  eruptive  rocks  on  bitu- 
minous shale.  (  the  Kentucky  peridot  ite  dike  described  by  J. 


STRUCTURAL  UATBlftALS.  Z;BUXXJDXNO  STONE. 
Bartlctt  TT.H.C.  On  Contraction  fcnd  expansion  in  Building  Stone 

A.  J.S.  I.  12.  1832 

Cutting  H.A.   Durability  of  Building  St.or.oa.   A.  J.S.  III.   21.   410 
Or  ill  mo  ro  Q»A.   aept  on  the  OoMparativo  Strength  Sp»   Gr.   and  Ratio  of 

Absorption  of  Building  Stones   in  the  U.S,   Official  Kept 

Chief  of  Engineers  1375      (Vcn  Mostrand). 
Orocnloaf  J.L.   Building  Stcnos,   Their  Properties  and  Uses.   S.of  If. 

Hetfleld  R?8tr^es^Z  e^fiufldfnj  §fono.   Jcur.  Franklin  Inst,  Mar.  68 
Haves  &  Merrill   10th  Census  Vol.   X.  ^specially  Recommended. 
fcnrjr  J^^Cftintho  HcdQ   ef.  test,  in-*  Building  Materials   r.nd^an  account 

cf  ^he  r,wVlj|  .«£+*  t 

A.  J.S.  IT.  22.  30. 
Hull  E.  A  Tre^ise  on  the*  Building  and  Ornamental  Stones  of  Great 

Britain  and  Foreign  Countries  A.J.S.III.  5.  23-i 
Hunt  T.S.  On  Porosity  of  Building  Htona.  Chen  &  Geol. 
Indiana  Geological  Report  187G  p.  SO 
Johnson  T7.R.  Coi^parison  of  Exporlmonts  on  Auwr.  and  Foreign  'Build*' 

ing  Stones  etc.  A»J.S,  II.  11.  J 
Warble  and  Serpentine  in  Vt.  A.  J.S.  35  p.  390 
Merrill  0  *E0  The  Collection  of  Building  rjid  Ornwaontal  Stones  in 

the  U.S.Nat*!  Museum.  Smithsonian  Rcp't  lo85-83  JJt  II  p. 

277.  643.  Haforenca  to  separata  TfSTo'rks  otc«  on  p»519. 

Especially  Reoonmendod. 

ITcwberry  J.S.  Repts  and  Awards  Centennial  Judges  Group  I.  R«c. 
Orton  E.  Ohio  Geol.  Survey  Vol.  V.  p.  577.  Roc. 
Presidents  Message  32  Ccnsroao  2nd  Session  1G52 
Prime  P.  Hopt  D3  Vol.1.  138-143  2nd  Gool  Survey  Penn. 
Heport  of  Come  on  la.  Capitol  Building  Stone.  Dosmoinos  1871. 
Hop,  of  Tosts  rnado  at  the  T7atertovm  Arsonal  fc/»  ?hila.  Com.  1382 
Richards  CaB.  On  tho  Crushin;:  Resist  anco  of  Stone»  Trans  .  A,SeC»E. 

June  5&6  72.  p.  145   j-n  o  1373 


301 

Oi.  £*.qr  C    .II    .loV  -. 

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lAiH/  BlstortJtK  LioioD  ife*U  oriT     •        • 

71.  q    4(?VOI    .22 
.«  xl^  **t  ,3ox*W  Xaionl? 

ri/^   %l.J'  A.  a  aX»on«0-.»^X6rfqsA  lo  xi^orfl  A     •• 
ores   «o*o  i«fti  ;  ^rodma  c;ffr  Mtifi  J^rra  cmirt  iiaaol 

8.U  orfct  >^  lo  f  j   rii          rf^  ni   eierfwosld 

-dMPlf  9fl  J^ni  tffWiift  w|l  *f  oJbam  odf  oala 

looi  cvfJ'cprto  to  n*l*-£0£  Q,r  ^irf^Boano   ono»  nl 

all  ****  o^l^o^Ntq  ^ouinoX  arf^   )    . 


JBfOYfl 

nO   .0./!.vr 
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^'^>S  -I^o«  AflNgV  «MmNI:VilftIitf8  to  x^tso-o^  nO   .5.T 


Jhtc    .iifli  •»  O«caM*^pff  1*  itoeliaqpion    6H.T7 

(.XX    .II    ,S.T*«A   .0*0   aarto^  /I: 

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rtlfcXIija  1o  nai^J>H&^  ^rfT   SS»  0  IXlTto?!, 

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tea 


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•6&X    .meD 
^»2.A   .an;3it   ,orro^8  lo   coru&feta:  rrfairt'  UO 


Seely  H.Mo  &  Brainard  E,  The  Marble  Border  of  Postern  Nev/  En-gland 

Qtc.  Middlebury  Hist.  Soc.  Vola  I6  PT»I  1GG5  Kso 
Smcck  J,Ct  Building  Stone  in  the  State  8?  N,Y,  Bull,  N»Y0  St.  lit  a 

Museum  No.  3;  1833.  Ro«.  - 

Sperr  P.'T,  lOth  Census  Vol.  10. pp/ 38-42  Methods  of  fforfcf?!S« 
True Gael 1* Jour,  Assoo.  3n£.  Soc.  June  1805 a  p»  302 

Y/inchall  II. H.-  The  Comparative  Strength  of  Minn*  &  ?to7  Br^.  Gi-mltc^ 
AoAoA,S0  jdnneapolis  Meeting  12th  Ann.  Hep,  '.'ri.r..,  Oov 

Ao  Mas sire  Rocks  and  Gneiss* 

Occurrence*  As  irregular  masses  of  indefinite  extent ,  (dlkc-a 
sheets  and  bosses);  f ermine  the  sreat  rnaes  cf  the  ArchtiOa^.?  and  ?.s. 
various  erupt ivo  outbreaks  in  all  a^Qs.  Generally  of  a  cray  colo: 
corr.o times  roda 

Aroasa  Gonoral  description  of  tha  Arcliaoan  Areoo  o.:'  tho  US0 
Now  England,  tho  Adirondacks,  the  Eastern  Appalachian,  fi!Uw6tf4tfe, 
Missoui'i  and  \7e stern  States. 

Orthoelas*  Rocks  (Granites,  Syenites,  Gneisses }.   O.i  tho  Mai 
Coast  thore  are  numerous  quarries  of  /pranito  in  tho  Arohftsan,  tiect-v 
lr  "biotite  granites*  (Dix  Islandjotc  ).  Now  Hampshire,  (Tlio  Gran- 
its  State)  affords  numerous  quarries  in  the  Archaean  aspooially 
near  Concord,  Tho  rocks  r.ra  chiefly  biotite/-  museovitcTsraniba, 
rr.r^ly  fpieiss  and  syonito.  Vermont  has  s.  few  quarries  of  ^ranito 
chiefly  of  tipper  Silurian  Age.  Massaohuaetts.  ^xtonsiva  quArrios  • 
occur  in  tho  eastern  and  central  portions  of  tho  state,  ohiafly  of 
homUlonde -granites,  (Quincy  near  Boston  is  the  chief  oanter?  tho 
roch  is  popularly  called  syenite)  and  c^®iss  (Monson) ^  All  of  Arch- 
aean A^e.  Rhode  Island.  F.xtQnsive  quarrios  of  biotite-granito 
(especially  at  Westerly)  of  Archioan  Age.   Connortieut «,  The  quarries 
produce  £ji^isc  with  scrno  ^rroiite.  (No-./  London, an  important  contor)  . 
Granitic  rocks  are  abundant  in  tho  Archaean  of  the  Adirondacks  and 
in  the*  Highlands  on  the?  Iliidcon  Hivsr,  but  are  not  extensively  quar- 
ried.  The  norite  from  Kees*\rills  affords  a  fine  greenish  etonea 
It  is  called  Au  Sable  Granite,   Some  ;?ieiss  is  quarried  near  Ph.ilao 
Pa*  Granite  and  gneiss  are  qn^rriod  in  !\!£j*y3.and  and  Dolawr.,ro,  but* 
not  in  great  quantity.  Considerable  granite  and  gneiss  ara  obtai-% 
ned  in  central  Virginia »•  The  granite  rocks  arc  also  queried     s 
in  Iliiinasolta^'  Missouri  and  Calif  oi*niae  The  later-  members  of  -C?A« 

•  v 

ortheclase  series  (rhyolites)  aro  much  used  in  Colorado 0 

Reference  made  to  tho  Bay  of  Fundy  rod  granite;  to  Scltotch  gran- 
ite, also  tottho  aesthetic  qualities  of  c^^^ito  in • general,  polish, 
endurance -t fusibility  and  crushing  strength* 

The  Plagioclas  Recks,  (  Diorlto,  Diabase,  oto,)'tro  far  lass 
used. 'than  the  orthoclaso  rocks •  They  are  in  general  of  a  dark 
sombar  color,  finely  crystalline,  less  easily  quarried,  and  aro 
often  popularly  called  black  granites.  Diabaso  of  Devonian  A&e  is 
quarried  in  Main&(noar  Addison  Pt.y  n  molaphyro  of  "the  Archanan  , 
near  Boston,  and  sons  diabase  of  Triasslc  A^o  in  Uow  Jorsoy^  Penm, 
and  Virginia,  Tho  rooks  aro  extensively  knoun  in  tho  vest. 


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inert  be li»i£Lp  si   aalen;1   cnio2     ^t^litniS  »Xdfi3  aA 
w^XoCI  l>ff«  J^ftr;  i:f*   t«lf. 

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fui^  to  8'icdftiem  -!B*uI  odf     •ttifnc'ri. 
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Reference  has  been  made    to  the  norite   of  tho  Adircndaeks   above* 

The   schistose  members   of  the  metamorph1.cs   rocks   arc   locally  used 
for  rough  masonry  and  foundations  where  they   occur   {   "Mev  York,. 
Phila.    Baltimore    )   but  possess  no  architectural  baay-tya 
?V  ™he  Stratified   or  Sedimentary  Rocks  * 

Sandstones   and  Limestones   ara   treated  by  geographical  distri- 
bution from  east  to  west.     They  occur  as   stratified  masses   of  all 
geological  periods  from  the  Cambrian  on*  •    • 

Areas*      General  proliminary  description  fo  the  geological 
formation  of  the  country  oast   of   tho  Alloghanios  and  Ohios      In  the 
No -.;  England  statos  but   little    sandstone   Is   q-j^rried  except  at 
Portland  Conn*    and  Longmoaclpv/'  Mass,   vrhoro  very  extensive   quarries 
or  Triassic  rod  sandstone    {   generally  called   "brown  sotne")    aro 
operated,      Some  coarse  Sandstone   and  conglomerate  of  Lov.ro r  Silurian 
Ago    (?)    is    obtained  noar  Bostoiio  Vory  extensive   quarries   of  the 
Triassic   rod   Bands  tono   aro    situated  near  Newark  Nd.Tfl    (Bolleville) 
vhiclT  chiefly  supply  Nov/  York  end  vicinity.     Thoro   are  also  quarries 
nosr  Philadelphia  in  Petfl»..      In  Nov;  York  at  Potsdam,    and  vicli-.:i.tys 
the  Potsdam  sandstone   Cambrian  System  is   extensively  quarried 
(   remarks   on  its   oxcollonco) 8     Ins  Medina  sandstone    (Upper  Silririan 
System  )   f rom  ttoo   eoiantry  couth  of  Lake  Ontario  is  much  usod   (exam- 
ples  on  the  ccmpus).     Devonian  sands  tono  generally  more   or  less 
argillaceous,    are    extensively  yitarried  especially  in  Ulrtor  and   • 
Delav/aro   count ios*     They  are   ospoc tally  adapted  to   flagstones   for 
which  they  aro    chiefly  usod.      ^ocal  use    of  Devonian  sandstones   in 
th.)  older  university  buildings   referred  to.      In  Ponn,   Devonian 
sandstones   aro   somov;hat   quarried  especially  in  Wyoming  Co«    aliko 
for  flagging  and  building.     Tho   principal   sandstone   in  the  western 
prqtion  of  Penn8    aro   from  tho  Carboniferous  and  Sub-carboniferous 
strata*     Thoy  are  generally  coarse   in  toxture   and  adapted  only  to 
loctl  use,      Tho  same  is   true   of  Wcct  Va0      In  th*  Statos  to  the 
south,    but   little  sandstone*   is    quarried.      Mention  made   of  the- 
Florida  shell   sandstone   or  "Ooquina*. 

General  preliminary  description  of  tfte  geological  formation 
of  tho  country  between  the  ALlcchan5.es  and  the  Mississippi* 

Tho   Ohio    sandstones   arc   chiefly  of  £uV carboniferous  Age,    and 
aro  very  extensively  quarried  in  the   nor thr/es torn  portion  of  the 
str.to.    (Berea,   Euclid,   Aroherst,    otc«)   v;honeo   they  are  shipped  far 
and  near.      The  Carbonifor£jus   sandstones   further  south  aro  also 
extensively  used  for  ordinary  constructions*      Small  emotmts   of 
Carboniferous   and  Sub-carboniferous   cc.ndct:onos  aro   qur.rriod  in 
IncU ,    Illa,   T/isoonsin,    Iowa,    Mca>    and  Kan.,    but  alnost   entirely  for 
loocl   consnmptioiio        The;  Cambrian  of  Lako   Superior  supplies  tho 
Port  ago    stono.     The  Loi?er  Silurian  furnishes  considerable  in  Minu. 
Further   vrest    and  south  the   quarry  industry  is  not   as   yet   much 
developed  or  else   the   chief  stone    is   line stone  to  be    subsequently 
referred  to*      The  red  quartzt£e   of  Sioux  Palls, Dak »   tthich  takes  a 
polish  like   jasper  deserves  mention.      A  T/arm  red  sandstone   is 


• 


• 


quorriud   in  western  Col  •    along  Prying  Pan  Greek  whish  makes    a 
1  lonesome    stone  and  ©n  the  eastern  slope   of  the  mountains   aro 
nj'.n?bers   of  places  which  furnish  Denver  and  other  places  with  mate- 
riolev 

CLAYS. 

ICvcmi:;  G«A.  Ency,  Amor,  Supp,  to  Ency,  Brit.  Vol.  II,  pa!27.  Roca 
Colorado,  Col*  Clay  Manufactures.  Mining  Industry  Denver  Jan  24  9Q?3'J 
T!-yj  Jorsoy  Rep.  on  the.  Clay  Bop.  of  TToodbridge,  South  Amboy,  and 
other  places  in  N. J.  together  with  their  use  for  fire-- 
brick pottery  etc.  N.J.Gool.  Survey  1277.  332  ff. 
llowborry  J0S-a  On  the  Raritan  Clays  N.J.  A.A.A.S*  1869,. 
Smock  J,00  E*&  M.Jcui*  Mch.  23,  4878  p.200/ also  Mch.  16  1373 
p9185.  Geol.  Report  on  Clay  Deposits  187 S,   Mining  Clay 
Trans.  Inst,  K«,35,  Vol.  III.  p,211.   Fire  Clajs,  Plastic 
Clays  etc.  of  N8J,  Trans 0  Inst.  M.E0  VI e  177,  Potters 
Clay,  A,J\,S»  II,  iOO'c, 

Ohio  Clay  end  Kaolin  Ohio  Gool.  Rept.  Vol.  V,  p. 643. 
Poiiii,  Hoilprin  A,  Chapter  on  Philadelphia  Brick  oto.  in  Tov/n  Gool  - 

r,  a-w  "•  °^^ 
u  g,^;   a.  QO  »J  ^ 

Ponn*  ^nda  Survey  1879  KcCroaths  Report » 
Wisoonsin.Swe^t  BoT«  Analyses  of  !.!ilwaukoci  Clay  and  Milwaukee  Brick 

Clr.y  A.Jo'S.  (3)  Vol.  24.  (124)   p. 134. 

Clay  consists  of  the  finest  particles  resulting  from  the 
orecicn  of  rocks 0  They  are  essentially  the  hydrated  silicate  cf  " 
alumina-  (kaolin  irhon  pure)  ^onorally  with  smaller  amounts  of  SiC?> 
as -fine  quartz  grains, of  Ba^  0  ,CaOf  K00  and  lla^O,  The  feldspars 
of  th-3  nassivo  rocks  by  ths  loss  cf  thdir  alkalies  furnish  tho 
n3cessary  hydratod  silicate  cf  alumina.  lira  Clays  lack  tho  iron 
lime,  potash  and  soda.  Brick  clays  are  higher  in  iron  and  henco 
color  en  burning.  The  infusible  property  of  fira  clay  is  due  to 
its  froadom  from  those  four  elements. 

Occurrence  and  Areas.  Clay  bods  occur  quite  generally  thpough- 
£ut  tb£  sorias  of  stratified  rocks  but  in  the  older  are  indurated  ^ 

less  iretonorphosod  aggregates.  Pire  clays  arc  espec-' 
ially  obtained  from  thu  Carboniforcns  (Cheltenliam  near  St  Lcuis,. 
various  places  in  Peiin.  Ohio  and  other  iron  manufacturing 

all  varieties  come  from  the  Cretaceous  (Perth 
N.J.).   Cretaceous  clays  are  also  wrought  at 

:-he  limits  of  tho  glacial  drift  ara  abundant  -• 
Sa          especially  throughout  Hew  England,  (Ohamplain  Stage-)  • 

mparativoly  recent  geological  origin   These  el^v^   -p  fe  * 
ago  furnish  the  cTatQri.nl  -pf>-»-  T^^^I  u-.,4^i. 


.       if       ^       °r  IOG*1  bi'lck  ^^tries.     They  arc 

narked  strata,    often,    unless  weathered  into   a    • -«. 
•olid  exhibiting  thin  bods.    (New  England  clay,  feverstrair  N,Yv 


• 

: 


£3.q 

. 


'3 


. 


T      .€  Or: 

frfxirt'       firt  +       ••{  ti  f*  f       n- 

*.iv   •  tn  £  pl     •JT; 

-. 


^Ila^ories  ©^JtJ^P  *sr/80o 


Analyses   sf  Cl4:ys0;  109 

G  oin  b  1  n  e  d     0  omb  isio  d 


Quartz  %0  Ko.,0  CaO     Pe-0, 

Kaolin  i£-&9  46*3      39:j8 

U.,\Ttfpiro   Clay  1I.V2  4£*94  -AOvSO   Ov£l     Ov41   0,08  0,10  0*51 

Ohio      *         *  11V63     35,34        31-6  S4  17<<>13   0-0,59  0-»50   O»67 

Missouri      *  11.30         38*10  31*52  12«'$C  0040  iv92 

Colorado      * 
N.JYRed  Brick  Clay     11030          2bc'50  1,7*70  31,30  1»'64  0016   6a40 

The   oxlds  of  titan;ii2m  Is  vory  ^v'?rxera'J,ly  present   in  firo   clays. 
Reference  nado   to  c',hal.l:  3.3   a  fir*o  litntUa^Ateon't,    and  to 
eo-:-r;3   oar";h  fcrrnod  of  tho   remains   of  microscopic 
valuable  a^   a  poli,?hiii^  a 


Tho   liiriostoneo  for-?r<  strp.tiflsd  mfces^s   in  all  0i5 
systomsmfi*orn  the  Archaean  on^ 

Areas.    (Kc<*all  the  goolc^ical     do  script  ions  given  undor  sand- 
stc??ios).     O'ha  Ilav  England  states  clo-  n©t  ftxnuyh  ttxuch  limestone 
strictly  £o-ealjA?d,  marble   oxocpted*    (soo  marble  later)  4      In  Now 
York  tlio  liniostorio's  of  /.  th«  Lower  Silurian,   Upp^r  Silurian  and 
Devonian  arc?   Quito   extdnsivoly  quarried  for  lecal  iioe  through  the 
interior  of  the  stata.*'   (marblo  not  included)  a     Considerable  lime- 
stcnc  of  LoTfor  Silurian  Age   is   qttarriod  in  south  western  Ponn. 

Unimpcrtarit  quarrios  of  limestone  occur  in  Maryland,   Virginia^ 
and  otb-jr  Southern  States,     In  caotorn  Tennessee,  many  limestones 
of  Lov;or  Silurian  Ago   (called  in"  the  trade  marblea)   of  v/onderful-' 
varioty  and  beauty  aro  quarried.,  {Knoxvill  o  and  Rcfioreville  are  the 
chief  contors).      In  Kentucky  ncjcr  Ltiiiiswlllo  and  Ccv5n^ton  are 
extensive   quarrioA  of  tPm  Lov;er  Si3.urian  arid  Sub-carboniforous 
Systems  o      'in  Ohio  ara  very  extonsivo   quarries   in  t2i3  Devonian,    Uppwr 
Silurian  (Niagara,   Holclorbor^Stacos)   Lower  Silurian  (Cincinnati'' 
Staco)    in  the  northern  and  wo  stern  portions  of  tha  state* 

In  Indiana,   the  Uppor  Silurian  and  Sub-carboniferous  limestones 
arc   the   bo  sis    of  a  vory  considerable  quarry  industry  a     Prom  tho     • 
latter  coiiios  tha  famous  Bedford  stone  or  Indian?,  limestone  whioh 
consists  of-  fossil  fra£?nf>nt8s    and  which  is   -shipped  all   over  the 
least  orn  U&S.,   and  is   one*   of  tho   principal  ornamental  etones  of 
Chicago  ;      In  Illinois   th:-   Upper  Silurian  and  Sub  -carboniferous 
limestones  arc-   extensively  used  for  locsnl  purposes»    -  In  Wisconsin 
tho  Lo*;:or  Silurian  and  Upper  Silurian  strata  in   tho  southern  port  14 
cnc    of  tho   ctivfcG   furnish  oxtonsivo   amount  s0      In  Minnesota  tho 
Lor/or   Silurian  is   tha   source   of  the    limestone  and  affords   a  variety 
:cf  building  &  tone  t-  5(  the  MarJcato   one  of  the   beet  known)  «      In  lovra 
almost   all  th'o   Series   of  tho  Pals.eozcic   furnish  limestones   for* 
locr.l    ivsc    and.  are   much   quarried*      In  Missouri  tho   Sub-carbonifortjus 
limcfitonos   near   St   Louis   and  the  Cp.r-bon5  forous  near  Kansas   City 
furnish  much   to   each   of  thsso    cities^      In  Kansas   the  Carboniferoias 
is  tho   source   of  tho   limes  tons   employed  for  local  use  o      In  the       "  ^. 
Dth£r  western  and  southern   states   the    industry   is  not   as   yet   exton- 
3ivc-Iy  clovolcpod.a 


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Slates,  Marbles  and  Serpentines .- 

-rut  Slate*  En£a  &  Mining  Journal, Vol.  ^oNOa  19*  May  10»  1370 
Muauf*  &  Builder  PC 83  about  1870  (Reference  for  year  only 

approximate) 

Seely  H.M.&  Brainard  E.  The  Marble  Border  of  Western  New  Eng- 
land! etcv  Middlobury  Hist.  Soc'.'  Vol  I  Pt.I  1HS5  RecV  •.  • 
York  Smock  JeC.  Building  Stone  in  tho  State  of  N.Y.   Bull.  N.Y 

State  Museum  No.  3.  1838  Rec . 
?-3i2i,  SI  ate.  Perm  2nd  Geol«  Survey  Report  D, 
11  Engineering  News  Jan  31  1885.  p.67 

Brief  description  of  the  origin  of  those  from  sedimentary  or 
stratified  beds  of  similar  composition. 

Areas*  Slate.  Western  Vermont  (Cambrian  Period).'  Eastern  P«nn 
(Lower  Silurian  Period),  and  less  important  regions  in  N«Y,y  NvJ., 
and  Ga«  <, 

Somewhat  detailed  description  of  tho  Vermont  and  Pen*.,  Areas. 
Marble  is  obtained  in  large  quantities  from  B*region  in  western 
New  England  bordering  on  the  N.Yaline.  It  is  considered  metamor- 
phosed Lower  Silurian  limos-tono^an  obseure  point  not  yet  fully 
cleared,  Rutland  Vt«,  Sheffield  and  Lee  Mass  are  the  chief  centers,/ 

In  southeastern  U»Y//  is  an  extension  of  the  above*  Tuskahsa  -ind 
Pleasanoville  aro  the  chief  centers.  Marble  also  in  the  northern 
central  portion  of  N.Y0  in  St.  Lawrence  Co«.  The  majority  of  the 
c  chor  so-callsrd  marbles  are  strictly  speaking  limes  tones  a  Ma:  re 
e-^p-Qoially  the  Tennessee  marble  referrod  to  under  limestones  * 
JaS,  New  berry  has  reported  b  eaut  if  uH  marble  from  western  Colorado., 

Serpentine  is  somewhat  quarried  noar  New  York  City,  and  near 
Philadelphia-,  Small  amounts  aro  used  as  an  ornamental  stono«  . 

Appendixo  Building  Stones  are  treated  from  almost  every  possi- 
bles point  of  view  in  Vol-X  of  the  Tenth  Census.  The  student  is 
also  referred  to  the  Monograph  by  G.P.Merrill  cited  above  from  tho 
Smithsonian  Reports  and  it  v/ill  be  found  the  best  reference  bo©k 
yet  publishode  Por  resistance  to  crushing  the  student  is  referred 
to  the  various  engineering  treatises  and  papers  mentioned  above* 
'  In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the  chief  source  of  weakness  or- 
decay  is  either  some  constituent  mineral  especially  liable  to 
alteration,  such  as  pyrites 5 or  the  wearing  of  tho  eementing  mate- 
rial of  the  individual  grains.'  • 
On  Flagstone  sea  New  York  Times*  Vol.  XXI.  No.  6342  2nd  page. 
On  tfte  decay  of  Building  stone  in  New  York  City.  Trans.  N.Y.  Acad. 
Sei.  Vol.  II.  p.67  and  120.  Paper  by  M  Julien.  Also  additional 
later  anes  by  Dr  Elliot.  On  Stone  Cutting,  Sch.  of  Mines  Quarterly 
Vol.  IV.  p. 265.,  Paper  by  Prof  Trowbridge. 

WATER. 
Chamberlain  T»C0  The  requisite  and  qualifying  conditions  ©f  Artesiai 

wells .  5th  Ann*  Report  Director  U.S.GvSo 

Hunt  T0So  Contributions  to  the  Chemistry -of  Natural  Waters  A0JaSa 
II.  40,  43.  also  193 


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IV          ,,. 

»„...    -- 


hunt  AaEo&  Clapp   G0H»   Tho    impurities   of  Water  M,E0    3.70    336U 
Airy  good-  ceo3.egyf    GeiXls   and  T>ana  •specially  recommended  chapters 
on  water.   Humej*®us   and  instructive  analyses   in  Justus  HotJas 
All  gome  ine  undl  Chemische  Geologic.   Band  I/ 

Yfator   is  the  universal  solvent   and  erosive  agent r    gathering 
mineral  matter  in  solution  while  percolating  through  tho   rocks 3 

This  action  is   a$4?»<id  by  CO*    in  solution.   The   chief  elemrmfcs 
affected  are   calcium,   magnssium3    iron,   potassium  and  sodium   '' 

'Tho    ccirmon  salts   arc  carbonates,    sulphates   and  chlorides?' 
Or^anis  matter   is   frequently  present   as  well.   Limestone  regions  are 
prcno   to  have  hard  waterSft^ranites,    alates  and  sandstones  afford 
the  purest.      Lakes  with  no  outlet    (    as   the-   Great   Salt  Lako  and - 
others   of  tho  Great   Basin)     become   strong  brines.' 

Analyses   of  Various  Waters* 

Delaware  River  Ocean  Great   Syracuse     MielW     K3G?.c  Salt 

Rain          in  10000  pts  Average,  Salt       Brines^  •Brines 

0&5376  CaCo,    0,223  Water  9<3e5     85,0060  83.5747  78^6799     1.5 

H.6447  HB00a    0^152  NaCl     2-.6S5   11,862      15.'5317   17W5105  9€3-.9c 

CO' 1,77  1C  SO.  0,032  MjCl.    0,315   104:908     0-.14441   100685      Ov298 

fc,:.  r;  N-aCl  0-901S     KC1        0.140   0*0062      0,01X9 

^  v.     w  K5C1,-0,;002.  .Ca  SOV0,175   0-&0853     0«'57754 

^  SiO^O.'OSS   MgSO^  0-.216  0.9321 

-  ^  K^CO^ 0.029  HaBr  0.035 

0«5363 


VMJtJ?    -          OaCl  0.1533     2.6430     0,136 

"  0,0024 


<   ^*  ^  I  PeOO,.  0.0044          -  Xneol- 

v  -  J  ^  ~~  ^  O'»104 

Remarks  on  its  connection  with  general  health^  and  steaming 
pm*poses 

Artesian  V/ells.  The  necessary  condition  for  success  is  -the 
existence  of  a  basin  with  a  porous  or  permeable  stratum  between 
two  impervious  layers*  Views  to  illustrate, 

Remarks  on  the  success  of  artesian  wolla  in  regions  of  bad  water 
Denver  Colorado  cited9 


a1  DEPOSITSo 

General  «   GaessmawiC  ,A*  Cent  rib  tit  ions  to  the  Chemistry  of  C-onanon 
Salt  Y/ith  partisvLlar  reference  to  our  horns  resouraas. 
A0J0S,  II.  49,  1878,  Rec0 
v  Huftfc  T0Sa  On  the  Extraction  of  Salt  from  Sea  Water.  A0  J.S  •«,'£ 


Mineral  Resourceso  1882/8«hp84,  85,  86,  of  UaSa  Geolo  Survey  » 

2ach  contains  a  good  Resumea 

TTinchella  u-eol.  Studies  p«,186  Popu3.ar  ao  count  of  Salt  a 
IGth  Census  Vol.  II.  on  Manuf  aotui'es,  contains  important  Sta- 


• 


T^v-, 


Canada.  Gibson  John, On  the  Salt  Deposits  of  W«Cto.tario  A  J,S,III  5  3fe 
Hunt  T.S,  The  Goderich  Salt  District  Ontario  Mfl'B</5*530 
Heinrich  09J8  The  Manhattan  Salt  Mine  <Jcd@ricfc  Can«M»3,126 

See  also  Geological  Survey  Canada  1867-69 
Kansas.  Hay- Robert  Notes  on  a  Kansas  Salt  Win®  P$b«90  p«66 
Tjouisiana*  Petite  Atise  Mine  E,&  M.Jotir  Oct,  6th  183$,  p,280  >  * 
Vermillion  Rook  Salt -at  Petit©  Ans©  I/a,  A*J»S.  H,  36,  300 
Goossmann  C.A.  On  the  Rock  Salt  Dopoaita  of  Pot it©  Aag0  la, 

Am.  Bureau  of  Minos.  Also  Atf J*S,II«  43*  284, 
Hiigard  E6T7*  On  the  Gool,  of  iha  Miss,  Dslta  and  th©  Salt 

Dop.  of  Petita  Ause.  A,A,A,S,17th  Mooting.,  Published  Itt 
Abstract  in  A.J*S,  II,  47,  77, 
Owen  R,  On  the  Deposit  of  Rock  Salt  at  Hew  Ibaria 

St  Louis  Ac ad,   Sei.   II,  250,  A, J, 3,11,  42, 
Pomaroy,R,A,Th0  Petite  Atjse  Salt  Min#,  M,B,17,   107, 
Michigan  T/incholl  A« .  Qn  tho  Salif  oroujj  Rocka  and  Salt  Springs  of 

Mich,   A,J,S,   II,   34,   307 

Gool.   Survey  of    Mich.  Vol,III,   1S73«76  App,  B,   p,171;  ^  ^<      ,Oii 
Now  York.   Salt  Deposits  of  H,Y,  E,&  M,J.  F0b*   ^<,   Ii80     133* 

N;Y, State   Assembly  Dooumenti;  Vol,   3,  Ho, 35   (1S££)  f«17  Vel  &-, 

No,    34     Roc,  X. 

Formair  J,  Remarks  upon  the  Salt  7onuation  of  Salina  N,Y,   and 

other  Placos  A«J,S,   1/19,   141 
Gocssmarm  C,A,  Ropt  on  tho  Brines  of  Onondaga,   Syractusa  Doo6 

62.  Ropt  on  tho  Manufacture  of  SolarSalt  from  thdm  do,  Dd 

63,  Contributions  to  tho  Choaistry  of  th^  Minoral  Springs 
of  Onondaga  H,Y.  A*J,S.  II.  42,  211,  368, 

*  Contributions  to  tho  Chermistrjr  of  Brines  A,f/$*lX»  44«77 
MacFarlanc^»Discovery  of  Rock  Salt  at  Wyo*  in  vogtarn  H,y,j 

Syracuse  Journal  Juno  29.  1878 
Permsylvania^Stieran  Edw,  Observations  on  tho  Salt  17ator§  of  tho 

Allegheny  &  Keskonnistas  Valloys  A»J,S,  II,  34,  46 
Virginia  Haydon  C.B,  On  th«  Rock  Salt  £Jid  Salines  of  tha  Holston. 

A,J.S.  4A.  173 
Rogers  H,B,  Rept  on  th^  Salt  and  Gypsum  of  tho  Praatan  Salt. 

Valljy  &  Holston  River  Va,  Preston  1864,  A,3.S,II,  18*273 
Brines  ar-j  obtained  either  from  ths  ancient  soa  wator  which 
still  soaks  porous  strata  (soe  under  Petroleum)  or  from  otoros 
formed  by  tho  leaching  of  bods  of  rock  salt  which  have  resulted 
from  the  drying  up  of  ancient  isolated  branches  of  tho  ooa  or  salt 
lakes. 

Salt  producing  areas  *  Syracuse  N,Y.  Tho  brinos  aro  pumped 
Tom  walls  360  to  420  feet  Qoap  which  penetrate  to  m  ancient   • 
rivor  channel  now  filled  t/ith  gravel,  T/atero  soaking  through  tho 
neighboring  salt  bearing  strata  of  the  Salina  Period  (Upper  Silu- 
rian) collect  in  the  natural  reoepticals  and  ar«i  pumpod  out.    * 
Extonsivo  bods  of  rock  salt  aro  nov;  known  to  oxiot  undor  the  sur- 
face- of  contral  N.Y.  in  tho  Salina  strata.  It  is  minod  in  Wyoming.^ 


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113 

Coo  (Warsaw),  A  total  thickness  of  about  250  ft,  was  found  in  the 
Ithaca  Gas  VJ'oll  in  sovoral  bods  between  2000  and  2600  t\9  be  Lew  tho 
surface  o  Hook  salt  is  generally  interbedded  in  shales  and  gypseous 
stratao'  Ohio  brines  are  obtained  from  the  Lower  Carboniferous 
strata  (Beroa  Qrit}»  Michigan  brines  como  from  Carboniferous  strata 
Others  arc;  obtained  in  less  amounts  for  local  consumption  in  tfest 
Va, , Virginia  (from  Triassic  strata).  Dakota  Kansas  and  elsewhere, 

So-called  salt  licks  or  springs  are  not  unoomaon  throughuot  the 
country.  Rock  salt  is  known  in  very  expensive  amount  and  is  now 
mined  at  Petite  Anse  La., (of  Quaternary  Ago).  Salt  is  obtained 
from  many  drying  or  dried  lakes  in  Cal.f  Arizona,  Nevada,  and  other 
western  States.  Mich,  produces  the  most  salt,  N.Y.  second  Ohio 
third.  Remarks  on  tho  analogous  Borax  deposits  of  California. 

Views  of  geological  sections  and  to  show  geographical  distribution! 

'"          b  >;«<*  < 
California  Hawks  H.G.  Roport  -ft£TCal.  Mineralogist  1833  part  II  R«c. 

Whitney  J0D.  On  Boirax  in  Call  &eol.  of  Cal.  If96  A.J.S.H.  41 

255  *  - 

SOIL, 

Any  good  geology,  Goikie  and  Dana  reeomnonded. 

BTilliams  S<,G0  Applied  Geology  Chap.  VI.  p. 101  In  which  many  additi- 
onal references  will  be  found. 

Soil  consists  either  of  decomposed  rock  in  place,  or  of  recent 
sedimentary  deposits*  tfo  distinguish  (1)  Vegetable  soil,   (2) 
Subsoil.  (3)  Undo  composed  rock.  Remarks  on  tho  influence  of  plants., 
earth  worms  end  rains  and  the  continual  erosive  action  of  the  last* 
In  the  northern  portion  of  this  country  the  original  decomposed 
roc!:  is  largely  scraped  away  by  tho  glaciers  of  the  Glacial  Period. 
v7o  may  trace  the  southern  termination  of  theso  on  the  map  through 
Long  Icland,  How  Jersey,  northern  Pcmio,  northern  Ohio,  IndU ,  111*, 
and  then  north  westerly.  Rotmrks  ©n  glacial  drift  and  recent 
alluvial  deposits  in  this  region.  Further  south  decomposed  surface 
recks  occur  to  great  depths*  Tho  character  of  the  soil  depends 
largely  on  th-3  character  of  the-  rocks  beneath. 

FERTILIZERS. 

In  the?  mcmograph  by  Penroce  cited  below  an*,  extended  biblio- 
graphy will  be  found* ^  The  other  references  here  given  are  int3ndod 
to  supplement  this  list,  so  far  as  they  concern  phosphates a 

Efr&  !!aJour0  June  8.1878.  p.393«  Phosphate  of  Lime.  ' 
Bailey  J<,YT.  On  the  Origin  of  Greoncand  and  its  formation  in 
th3  Ococ.n  of  tho  present  Epoch*  A»J,S,II,  22<,2800  296. 
?/*o«.Boaton  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  V,  364. 
Da  la  Boche>  Phosphate  cf  Lima  in  Greunsand  and  Marl.  Gecl. 

Sec.  London  Proa.  J.tay  1349  p.IXXXII.  A.JeS«II  8.  422 
MinornL  Statistics  UaS,   All  tho  Volumes* 

Psnroso  "S^F,  The  Nature  rjad  Origin  eaC'  Deposits  of  Phosphate 
cf  Lit-fci .  Contains  a    .1  BiblioGi-aplifp.l29.  Bull.  46 


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Sharpie ss  S*P.  On  some  rooks  and  other  dredgings  from  the 

(hilf  Stream     AoJ^S,,!!!,    I/  168* 

Alabama,,  Smith -E.  A,  In  Perry  Co.  Ala.  A,J,S.  June  1884.  492 
Canada,  E.&  M. Jour.  Feb.  24,  '83.  P.103.  Canadian  Apatite*-  - 

Brooms    G.   Apatite  Deposit   of  Lattafck  Co.    Ont.    Can.,A.A,A, S» 

1870.  Good  Account. 
Falding  F.J.  Notes  on  Canadian  Pluor  Apatite  or  phosphate  of 

lime  E.&  M.Jtfur  Deo, 4.  '86.  p. 402  Also  probable  Origin 

November  27.  p. 383 
Horsford  E0N.  Guano  the  Origin  of  tho  Apatite  of  Rideau  Can. 

A.A.A.S.  187  O/ 
Hunt  T.S.  Apatite  Deposits  of  Canada  E.&  M.J  Fob, 23, 84  p.  138 

•  Canadian  Apatite  E.&  M.J.  Fob.  1883  p. 163 

"  Apatite  Mining  in  Canada  E.&  M,Jour  Oct.  20  1888 

9  Future  of  Phosphates  in  tho  U,S,  Ss  Canada  E,&  M.  Jour. Jan 

26.  1889.  &  Fob.  p.  181  f 

Florida.  Lodoux  A.R.  Tho  Phosphate  Bods  of  Fla.  E.&  M.J  Fob*8, 90*17 
Robertson  F.L.  Florida  Phosphates.  Manufactures  Record, 

Baltimore  Jan.  25.  1390  Cor. Exchange  Place  &  Commerce  St, 
Michigan  Minors!  Statistics  of  Mich.  18$1&  subsequent  years  on 

Gypsum, 

Now  Jorsoy  Geological  Report  N.J.   1868  on  Marls  and  Groonsands, 
EOT/  York.   Jackson  C.T.   On  Eupyrchroit  3  of  Crown  Pt.   M,Y,   A.J,S,   II 

12.   73.  Also  N.Y.  Rep.   on  Mineralogy     p. 240 
Williams  S.G.    On  the  N.V.Gypsum  Bods.   A.J.S.   111,30.   2120 
Uorv/ay  E,&  M.Jour.   July  2.   81.   p. 4.   On  the  Occurrence  of  Apatite 

in  Norway. 
Touth  Carolina  13, &  M.Jour.   Oct.   29,31,  Mining  Phosphate*  .  Rocks   in 

South  Carolina. 
Holmos  F.S.  Tho  Phosphato  Rocks  of  S.C.   Charleston  1870* 

Noticed  in  A.J,S,III.   1.221 

Shopard  C.N,   Ir.  lloto  on  Hio  Origin  of   tho  Phosphatic  .Forma- 
tion A,J.S.    II.   47.    338. 

•  |Totos  on  tho  occurrence  and  composition  of  tho  Nodular 
•  Phosphates   of  S.C,   A.J.S.II.   47.   354. 

General  description  of  the  geological  structure   of  the  Atlan- 
tic coast  especially  tho  Cretaceous,   Tertiary  and  recent  sedimen* 
tary  deposits  from  New  Jersey  southward,    consisting  of  sands, clays 
and  inc.  ohorent  shell  bods. 

Peat.   Already  described -p,   80  ealted  muck  in  this   connection. 

Marie,     Marls  are  vory  calcareous  clays.  Tho  limo  is   often 
present  as   comminuted  shells  and  thus  givos  a  sandy  character  to 
this  mass.     Phosphoric  acid  is   also   high.     The  so-called  "greensandS 
arc  similar  to  marls,    but  have  enough  green  silicate   of  iron 
(glatteonito)      to  color  them.      Marls ^ are   of  Cretasocus,    Tertiary 
and  Recent   geological  Age,      Tho   Crotacoous   aro    abvjncl-.ir.t    in  ITcvf 
Jersey  (map   and   sections   shown)    and   extend  to   aomo'  extont   into   "Del. 
and  Md* .   Tertiary  marls    run  through  Va.,and  tho   ctat  JG   on  tho 


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115 

Atlantic  and  the  Gulf.   These  are  only  dug  for  local  use  oiitside 
of  New  Jersey,   Recent  marls  are  found  under  peat  bogs  and  in  the 
bottoms  of  dried  up  ponds  and  lakes* 

Gypsum  is  the  hydrated  sulphate  of  calcium  CaSO,v   2K..O. 
It  contains  more  or  less  esirthy  matter  as  quarried.   Its  general 
occurrence  associated  with  rock  salt  commented  on.   (.See  SaltK 

*.  V  l~l 

In  !Jew  York  in  the  Salina;  in  Mich.  Subcarboniferous ;  Ohio.  Holder- 
berg  or  Vfaterlime;  known,  and  to  a  smaller  extent  utilized  in  Va,, 
Ala.,  La,,  Tex.,  Ark.,  Kan.,  and  the  west*   Ohio  and  I'ich*  manu- 
facture by  far  tho  greater  part  of  tho  gypsum  or  plaster  at  Sanduc- 
ky,  and  Grand  Rapids.   Quarries  on  Cayuga  Laka  at  Union  Springs 
notod  and  described  • 

Phosphates.  The  mineral  Apatite  (3CaO,.P^Or  .  CatCl^))  in 
the  Archaean,  and  bods  of  fossil  bonos,  phosphatic  nodules,  otc. 
of  Tertiary  Age,  are  tho  principal  commercial  sources  of  phosphates 
Tho  latter  are  found  in  North  and  South  Carolina  along  th'j  seak« 
board  and  in  Florida  (recently  discovered), 

Apatite  occurs  in  moderate  amounts  initho  Archaean  rocks  at 
BoltonJ'Iass.  and  Crovm  Point. H.Y.  but  is  not  commercially  abundant. 
It  is  mined  however  at  Buv^ocs  and.  Elms  Icy  in  tha  S.E, port, ion  of 
Ontario,  Can.,  north  of  tlv)  Thousand  I:s,  and  in  Quebec  r.long  tho 
Ottawa  River,   Tho  mineral  occurs  in  veins  and  pockets  associated 
with  calcite,  feldspar,  mica,  pyrito,  sphono,  zircon  and  pyroxene  i. 
metamo^phic  rocks,  gnoinr, ,  quart zite  and  crystalline  limestone, 
It  is  of  ton  in  crystals  which  at  timos  attain  great  sizj  and  r.ro 
alwr.ys  curiously  roitnded,  and  again  in  crystalline  masses.   It  has 
b-M'ii  variously  thought  oruptivj  or  intrusive,  cegrcsatod  and  organ- 
ic in  origin.   (Maps,  sections  and  specimens). 

The  Phosphates  of  North  and  South  Carolina  ar-)  bods  of  fossil 
bonos  etc.,  or  the  nodular  layers  which  havo  resulted  from  tm,- 

scolving  of  such  original  bods,   They  form  at  timus  strata  of 
'ogularity  but  also  occur  as  scattered  nodules  in  marl  beds* 
lay  ar.-  mined  and  dredged  from  river  bottoms.   They  afford  from 
V-  phosphate  of  lime.   Beaufort  and  Charleston  S.O.  r.ro  tho 

'  centers.   In  1385  nearly  400,000  long  tons  7/ore  produced, 
f.  especially  Mineral  Resources  U.S.  1883-34  p,  733  for 
aluablo  descriptions  analyses,  and  statistics. 
Specimens  exhibited  and  views  of  geographical  distribution.- 

Abrasives. 

In  general  the  volumes  of  the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  U.S. 

in  the  most  accessible  literature.  See  especially  Vol.  forlSG6 
Scfford  J.H.  Grindstones  etc.  Centennial  Exposition  Reposts  and 
Avrarda  Group  I. 

The  rock  materials  used  in  grinding  etc.  are  buhrs tones  or  mill- 
stones, grindstones,  novactilite  and  whetstones,  corundum  and  emery, 
ami  infusorial  earth  for  fino  polishing 

Che  buhretoni  or  millstone  is  a  fino  quartsito  or  yrntlctono 

which  does  not  glaze  nor  yet  rub  off  too  easily.   The*  principal 


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sources  are  the  so-called  Esopits  Stone  from  Ulster  Go.  N.Y,  the 
Coc&lico  from  Lancaster  Co,  Perm,  and  one  from  North  Carolina* 
All  these  are  n.sod  for  grinding  drugs,  paints  etc,'  as  stssl 
rolls  are  now  mostly  *ised  for  grain, 

Grindstones  are  mado  of  gritty  and  firm  sandstones  and  aro  of 
various  qualities  and  grades «  The  Lower 'jCarboniferoug  Series  of 
Ohio  and  Mich.  (See  also  under  building  stono)  furnish  tho  greater 
portion,  arid  smaller  amounts  are  imported*'  In  1837  40000  tons 
v;crc  produced. 
Orton  33.  Reports  on  tho  EC  on,,  Geol,  of  Ohiof  Vol's  V  &  VI* 

Tho  small  whet stones  are  mad©  from  tho  novaoullto  of  Ark»  which 
corcos  from  several  counties  noar  Hot  Springs »  and  from  a  grity 
schist  in  northern  N.H,  and  Vt««  The  grit  is  chiefly  duo  to  small 
angular  quartz  crystals,  and  in  tho  How  England  stono  to  garnot 
and-  rutile  au  well.  A  fino  grained  sandstone  from  Oortland  Co,  T 
lUYc  just  north  of  us  also  affords  considerable  amounts  known  as 
"Labrador1'  stono,  and  Indiana  furnishes  two  brands  called  Hindostan 
and  Oranco. 

Button  J.JS  V/aehita  and  Arkansas  Oilstones  and  Quarries*  E.&  M.Jour 
October  12  1839. 

Corundum  (Emory). 

Smith  J.L.  On  the?  Gtoology  of  Emory  and  Corundum  A.A.A.S.  6*274 
Asia  Itinor.  Kmory  Minos  of  Asia  Minor.  Ey&  M, Jour.  June  5^86  p«410 

Report  of  Consul  Stevens  of  Smyrna. 

Smith  J.L.  Emorjr  formation  of  Asia  Ivlinor.  A.J.S.  II.  7.283. 
List  of  Minerals  with  A*J,S.  II*  9*'  28$ .  Not  important, 
"eirioir  on  Emory.  Pt»I«  Gjol.  &.  Kinv.'ofvlSnfiery  from  obser- 
vations mado  in  Acin  Minor.  A*J,S.II.  10.  554.   Ft*  II. 
On  tho  Hincrals  Associated  with  3Smory.  A.J.S,  II;  11,  53 
"ass,  Jackson-  C.T,  On  tho  Discovery  of  Emory  at  Chester  Mass. 
A.J.S,  II,  39.  1887, 

Chemical  Anals.  of  Minerals  associated  with  Emery  of 
Chester  Mass,  Andes ino,  Biasporo,  Mcyfgaritc,  Clinochlore, 
&  Chlorite,  Bost.  Soc.  N.H.  Vol.  10^  p.  321.  1864-66 
( Shopard  CSU,  Corundum  &  Associates  at  Chester  Mass.  A.J.S.  II. 
40.  11 0,  7,,  123,  Unimportant,  2nd  rof.  says  Emory  from 
associated  Talc  rock* 
»  Smith  J»L9  On  tha  Emery  Mino  of  Chester  Hampden  Co.  Mass,  with 

remarks  on  tho  nature  of  Emery  &  its  associateaMinor-als 
\3    A»J,Sc  IT'..  42,pV#3, 
Jackson  C-T9  Analyses  of  somo  Minerals  from  the  Emery  Mine 

Ghost or  Mass  A«J,S.  II  .  42.  107 
NOT/  York,  Williams  G.H.  Norites  of  the  Cortland  Series  en  the 

Hudson  River  near  Poakskill  N,Y.  A9J,  S,  III.  33,  191.  '87 
North  Carolina  Ua&  M.Jcur  Jn&jf  21.  30.  46  Gnoiss-Dunite  Contacts^ 

Corundum  Hill  N.C. 

Genth  P9A,  Coruradum  its  Alterations  and  associate^MinQrals 
Proc.  Amc  Phil.  Soc.  Sept.  19.  73.  A.J.S. III.  6.  461. 


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117 
North  Carolina*  J-enks  C.W.  Corondum  and  its  Gemst  E.&  M.J.  IIov*  2. 

137S  p.  311/  Roc-. 
Xorr  ¥.0;-  Geology  N»0v  1375, 
Raymond  R.W.  Jenks  Corumdum  Mine  Macen  Co.  ft.C,  M.I!.  7,  '#5 

Corundum  in  five  bods  of  chlorite  or  dunite,  This  is  tho 
Mino  noar  Franklin  N.C.  game  as  Culsagc*  Mine  . 
Shepard  C.U,  Sr.  On  the  Corundum  Region  of  1UC,  &  Ga,  with 

description  Etc.  A.JVS.  III.  4.  109.  175.   170  miles  long 
10  miles  broad,  in  chitfrsolite  ro^k. 
•Smith  J/L  Not  o-s  on  the  Oorundum  of  N  .C.  Ga.  '&  Mont,  with  a 

description  of  tho  Gem  Variety  of  tho  Corundum  from  those 
localities.  A.J.S.  III.  6.  ISO.  Roc. 

Corundum  is  crystallised  Al^Ojf  and  is  the  mineral  of  hardness 
9,  in  tho  common  scale.   The  varieties  with  vitreous  luster  and 
light  colors  are  called  sapphire,  th®  duller,  more  smoky  colors, 
still  of  vitroaus  luster,  eerundom,  and  thanvariaty  mixed  with 
more  or  loss  magnetite,  hematite,  spinol  etc*  and  appearing  like  a 
powdered  iron  oro  .£•£  called  omory*  Those  varieties  are  tho 
•comrnon  abrading  agonts  whon  groat  hardness  is  recjuir0d</ 

Corundum  or  emory  is  fovind  in  tho  U.S.  at  Chester  Mass.,  noar 
Pockskill  N«Y, ,  and  In  NaC,v  and  Ga..  At  Chester  it  occurs  as  a 
bed  or  voin  in  gnoics  n©ar  its  contact  with  mica  schist  and  is 
quite-  persistent  f-or  a  considerable  distance.  Much  talc  in  tho 
plnchod  portions  of  tho  voin,  and  th«  usual  mi  florals,  margarlto, 
corundophilite,  41asporo  ®to.  are  found  asuociati-d  v/ith  it* 

•Of  latu/  yoars  it  has  boun  loss  productive  than  formerly.  *  The 
corundum  naar  Pookokill  occurs  as  a  contact  phonomonon  associated 
with  tho  oruptlvo  rooka  of  the  Cortland  sories  and  tho  neighboring 
echiete.  Tho  matorlal  mined  consist*  chiofly  of  a  mixture  of  the 
sp  1  nol  j  nor  cyn  it  off  corundum,  garnot  and  ma^notito  and  la  now  no 
longer  produced.  V- 

Worth  Carolina  and  Georgia  aro  tho  most  productive  of  tho  Amor, 
localities*  Tho  corundum  occurs  in  tho  dunite  *or  olivino  rock  that 
forms  a  bolt  in  tho  woetorn  portion  of  thoso  ctatoe.  At  tho  Jenks 
{  or-  Culiagoo  )  Mina  tho  corundum  is  fotmd  in  fivo  bods  of  chlorite 
thc/t  traverso  tho  groat  dike  or  mnco  of  dunito.  Many  boautiful 
mtnarala  oome/from  tho  mines  and  neighborhood  and  numorouo  intorc^- 
ting  paramorphfl  of  corundum  to  various  othar  spocios  havo  boon 
described  by  Dr  Gonth»   Corundum  has  been  report od  as  an  int. or-  • 
eating  ndnoral  from  varioue  othor  portions  of  tho  country,  notably 
from  Choeter  Co*  Ponn.  but  as  actual  producers  nono  havo  figurod 
as  Inrgoly  as  tho  localities  speoifiod. 

*  Tho  researches  of  Dr.  J.  Laurenco  Smith  of  Louiavlll®,  whilo  • 
in  tho  omploy  of  tho  Turkish  Government  in  Asia  Minor  and  tha 
Grocinn  Arohipolago  about  1046  addod  vastly  to  cur  knowledges  Qf'tho 
odcurronco  and  aseociatos  of  corundum*    In  tho  Levant  it  occurs 
in'variably  in  limostftno  or  on  tho  v/onthorod  outcrop,  cond  near 
assoclatod  schists  and  cn°issos*  Tho  reciQ^s  p.ro  highly  mctamorphic 


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118 

Much  cf  ths  product   cornea  to  fhis  country  «        In  1S3&  the  NoC<>-  and 
Gao  mines  produced  64-5   s&tort  tons  worth  $116*190400»4j  Infusorial 
earth  is  a  common  polishing  agent   for  fine-  work  arid  is  ob+.aimrt. 
mostly  from  Maryland  on  the  Patufcent  Rivar*      Other  depaiita  are 
known  in  N0J,,    in  N»M«   and  on  the  Pacific*     It   is  a  common  thing 
on  the  bottoms  of  ponds  and  lakes,   and  is   left  by  their  drying  up* 


New  England  Shaler  N»S»  Mica  Mines  of  N*E*  10th  Census  Vol«150p.333 
New  York  E»&  M»Jour.  Nov.  24  *  CS  p.439r  Notts  on  Mica  and  Asbestus 

in  New  York  « 
North  Carolina  Kerr  V/»C9  Mica  Mines  of  NaC.  M«SJ»  C«  457. 

The  Mica  Veins  of  M.O.  B,£  M.Jour.  Mar  20,  Ml.  p.2ll« 
Phillips  Vf.B.  Mica  Mining  in  N0C,  Eo&  M,Jcur  ApHl*'  21*«  p«2fia 

alao  in  following  306  9   322*   3ft2,    June  £     June  5.   16,   436. 

Mineral  Resources  LT.7.     And  !3e&  M.Jour  Sepa   26.    10C5 
Although  tho  uso  of  mioa  is   substantially  limit  od  to   the  Eoors 
of  anthracite  stoves,    its  annual  product  in  later  years  is  valued 
at  $75000-  $100,000,     Muscovite  or  .loss  frequently  phlogopite  sup« 
plios  tho  marketable  kinds*,    •  It   is  prodttflfcd  in  North  Carolina  and 
New  Hampshire,    and  tc   a  far  loss  dogroe  in  th'j  Black  Hills,    in 
New  Mexico  atid  olsowhore  in  the  wests     N*0.   leads  with  N0H.,   eocond, 
The  mioa  occurs  ;in  the  south  in  rjraat  ,«oarsly  crystalline  granite 
dik^s  or  veins  ^  more  probably  tho  Iattor5of  tho  segregated  typo, 
a»d  'tho  result  of  aquo   igneous  action,,  Tho  veins  aro   in  gneiss* 

-Tho  Now  England  mines  aro  said  by  Prof  Shalor  to  bo  on  bods*     ' 
Tho  occurrence  of  great  granito  voins   or  dikes   in  tho  Black  Hills 
was  roforrod  to  undor  Tin*     Tho  mica  is  by  no  moans  tho  largest 
component  of  the  vein,   but   is   in  scattered  burichosr-*sin&lGd  with 
qaartz?  -feldspar  and  a  variety  cf  minerals  «•    The  so  same  voins  occur 
within  tho  city  limits  of  Now  York  and  recently  some  fino  largo 
plates  have  boon  obtained* 

Barite, 
Mineral  Resources  all  tho  volumes*  v 

'"Barito     valued  at  §30-40000,    ie  produced  aruiua^ly  and  used  in 
paints,   and  for  chemical  purposes*      It  co^os  especially  from 
Missouri  and  Virginia  »      In  Mo,   it   occurs   in  tho  region  south  from 
Sti   Louis,   near  but  not  with,tho  load  mines  mentiono^  undor  Type  23 

In  south  woot  Virginia   in  tho  region  mentioned  undi>r  Typrf  27 
oft  nor  masses  of  barite  fcro  found  in  veins,   and  in  various  parts  of 
the   country  it   is   a  comnon  vein  fillfnga     Chesire  Oona«    is   a  .well 
known  locality  and  tho  gash  voinsof  tho  Miss*   Valloy.,  Type  24 
contain     ita 

Sulphur, 
Foreign  E,&  MaJour  June-  16.  *CT.   p,435»  Sulphur  Mines   oi  V  the 

E.&  M.Jour.   Aug,   90    Ift79.   p.  09.   The   Sulphur  Dop,    jri"  Iceland 
H.Jcur.    Sop,    1  &  3«'J3G«   pa  174,  Tho   Sulphur  Minos   of 
ns  N5S.    Sulphur  Dop8    of  the   Island  of  Saba, 
A0J»S.    II,   4^*   27r./  Extract   from  a  Report,, 


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119 

Utah  Faber  du  Faur  A.  The  Su3j)hur  Deposits  of  S0Uifth  M0'S*'  16o  33 
vont  Rath  G*  Neues  JaJibV.tfh  18<M«  1 , 

&  Nev.  Russoll  I»C*  Sulphur  Dep0  in  Utah  aiid  Nciv*  20'«£  MoJo-ur 
Jan  20.  fo3«  p«31.  On  the  general  geology  of  >,h#  N-ov0 
region,  soo  Ruse  oils  Monograph  on  Lake  Lahoutan 
Russel  I«C«  Sulphur  Deposits  of  Utah  &  Nov,  Trans»  'KVYy 
Sci*  1381,  -03  p.168 

Sulphur  occurs  in  tepoi^tant  quantities  &%  a  iitufcer  of  plaoee  Ir 
tho  west  raid  from  theee  it  has  boon  practicably  obt&ined»  Tno 
most  important  are  tho  Oovo  Creels  District  in  Mi  Hard  Co,  Utata,  and 
tho  Rabbit  Holo  Mines  in  Humboldt  Co.  northwest ern  Nevada0  Tho 
Sulphur  Bank  doaoribod  undor  Typo  55at-  has  furnished  considerable 
sulphur  in  previous  years,  ,  Sulphur  is  also  knovrn  but  in  small 
quantities  at  Humboldt  House,  Humboldt  Cj&.  Wov«  wh^ro  it  osours  - 
in  tho  conos  of  defunct  hot  springs  20^50*  high*   Cn  tho  Rabbit 
Holo  Minos  the  sulphur  fills  cavities  in  a  breccia  v/hich  are  often 
of  considerable  size,  Tho  deposits  extend  several  miles  along  tho 
northern  edge  of  the  Black  Rock  Desort  and  aro  thought  to  b«  on  a 
north  and  south  faulted  belt,  and  to  have  boon  filled  by  sublimatin 
from  belov  perhaps  in  part  as  H^S*  Tho  Cove  Creek  Mines  aro  now 
tha  only  producers,  According  to  Russell  they  are  of  three  types* 

Tho  largest  fills  an  extinct  aolfatara  forming  a  circular 
deposit  10009  in  diaraotor  and  averaging  25 f  thick  of  sulphur  and  - 
earthy  materials*  The  second  typo  consists  of  volcanic  tufa  impreg 
nated  with  sulphur,  over  cm  oxtondod  area.  Tho  third  type  is  on 
fissures  either  in  trachyte  er  Carboniferous  limostonof  and  tho 
sides  ai*o  lined  with  crystals*  All  those  lie  along  tho  border 
between  the  Colorado  Plateau  and  th'9.  Oroat  Basin,  and  are  closely 
associated  with  eruptive  out breaks «  The  sulphur  has  probably  boon 
sublimed  from  great  depths  along  v/ith  CO^  etc*  and  condensed  above. 

It  is  still  forming*  Bods  of  gypsum  and  alum  are  associated  . 
Lack  of  cheap  transportation  militates  against  those  mines* 
Sulphur  is  a).. so  known  in  the  Aleutian  Islands  in  quantity* 

Sulphur  occurs  ao  an  intoroatlnc  mineral  in  tho  gypsum 'bods,  at 
Union  Springs,  on  Cayu^a  Lake,  and  has  uafeofctpdcTfrom  the  alteration 
or  gypsums  The  Sicilian  doposits  which  chiefly  supply  the*  world, 
have  boon  formed  in  this  way* 


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